VOLUME ONE
Preface
Introduction: Defining the West and the Frontier
Chapter One: Cultures in Conflict: First Encounters
1. An Aztec View of Europeans
Bernardino de Sahagún, Aztec Messengers Report to Montezuma, 1519
2. A Spanish View of the Aztecs
Hernán Cortés, Letters to Charles V of Spain, 1519
3. Questioning Conquest
Bartolomé de Las Casas, from A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1542
4. Mythical Wealth
Marcos de Niza, Account of the Legend of Cíbola, 1538
5. An Explorer's Disappointment
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, Account of the Reality of Cíbola, 1542
Chapter Two: Colonization: Religion and Economy in Frontier Regions
6. Spanish Concerns about Religion in the New World
Pablo Rubios, The Requerimiento, 1513
7. Conversion and Profit in the Mission System
Sebastían de Sistiaga, An Account of Mission Nuestro Padre San Ignacio, 1744
8. An Indian's View of Mission Life
Pablo Tac, Conversion of the San Luiseños of Alta California, 1806
9. French Intentions in the New World
Samuel de Champlain, Report to the King of France, 1618
10. The Missionary Impulse in New France
Jean de Brébeuf, "Instructions for the Fathers of Our Society Who Shall Be Sent to the Hurons," 1637
11. A Micmac Indian Questions French Habits
Micmac Elder, Speech to French Settlers, c. 1677
Chapter Three: The Late Seventeenth Century: Rebellion on Two Frontiers
12. King Philip's War
John Easton, "A Relacion of the Indyan Warre," 1675
13. A White Woman's Tale of Captivity
Mary Rowlandson, from The Sovereignty and Goodness of God, 1682
14. The Great Pueblo Revolt
Antonio de Otermín, "An Account of the Lamentable Tragedy," 1680
15. An Indian View of the Pueblo Revolt
"Declaration of Josephe, A Spanish-Speaking Indian," 1681
Chapter Four: The Eighteenth Century: Building New Societies
16. Expanding Communities
French, Spanish, and English Colonial Town Plans, 1760-1778
17. The World of the Backcountry
John Filson, from The Adventures of Col. Daniel Boon, 1784
18. Family Dynamics in the Colonial World
Marriage Documents and Wills from Pennsylvania and Virginia, 1714 and 1782
19. New Worlds on the Great Plains
Saukamappee, An Account of the Arrival of Horses, Guns, and Smallpox, 1787
Chapter Five: Pre-Revolutionary America: Tensions and War on the Middle Ground
20. Intercultural Tensions
Pierre Radisson, An Indian Trading Session at Hudson's Bay, 1683
21. The International Politics of the Fur Trade
=Edmond Atkin, Report on French Successes, 1755
22. Echoes of the French and Indian War
William Trent, Journal of the Siege of Fort Pitt, 1763
23. Two Cultures in Conflict
Images from the Middle Ground, 1755-1804
Chapter Six: Revolutions: Empires Lose Their Hold
24. The Indian War for Independence
Account of Pontiac's Justification for War, 1763
25. Frontier Grievances
Petition to the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania, 1764
27. Mission Revolts in California
Junípero Serra, Letter Describing Revolt in San Diego, 1775
26. Expanding the Spanish Empire
Bernardo Miera y Pacheco, Report on the Colorado River, 1777
Chapter Seven: The Creation of an American Republic: Incorporating the West
28. Boundaries for the New Nation
English and American Maps of North America, 1771-1811
29. Extending the Orderly Republic
Land Ordinance of 1785
30. An Indian View of Land Issues
Little Turtle, Comments on the Treaty of Greenville, 1795
31. Suppressing the Whiskey Rebellion
Alexander Hamilton, Orders to Governor Lee of Pennsylvania, 1794
32. An Account of Military Intervention
Henry Brackenridge and D.S. Findley, "A Dreadful Night," 1794
Chapter Eight: The Early Republic: The Louisiana Purchase
33. Launching a Western Reconnaissance
Thomas Jefferson, Secret Message to Congress, 1803
34. The President Imagines the West
Thomas Jefferson, Letter of Instruction to Lewis and Clark, 1803
35. Encounters with the Real West
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, Journal Entries, 1804-1806
36. Grander Ambitions
Zebulon Pike, "A Vast Empire in the West," 1808
Chapter Nine: The Age of Jackson: Equality and the "Indian Problem"
37. Cherokee Attempts at Assimilation
Letters from Cherokee Women to Their Missionary Patrons, 1828
38. "Peaceable Removal"
John Ridge, Letter to James Monroe Protesting Removal, 1824
39. The Place of Indians in the Republic
Andrew Jackson, Annual Messages to Congress, 1830 and 1835
40. The Human Cost of Removal
Army Correspondence about the Choctaw Removal, 1834
41. An Account of the Removal West
Black Hawk, from Life of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk, Dictated by Himself, 1833
Chapter Ten: Slavery: Life for Slaves in the West
42. Western Statehood and the Slavery Crisis
The Missouri Compromise, 1819-1821
43. A Criticism of Slavery in Frontier Regions
Frederick Law Olmsted, from The Cotton Kingdom, 1861
44. Slave Accounts from Texas and Oklahoma
Monroe Brackins and Lucinda Davis, Memories of Slavery, 1938
45. Indian Slavery in Utah
Brigham Young Justifies the Enslavement of Indians, 1852
Chapter Eleven: Acquisition of the West: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican War
46. Dreams of a Hemispheric Empire
Thomas Hart Benton, "The Destiny of the Race," 1846
47. Creating a Glorious War in the Press
Richard Smith Elliott, Reports from the Mexican War, 1847
48. Watching the War in New Mexico
Susan Magoffin, "Down the Santa Fe Trail," 1846-1847
49. Opposing Views of Expansion into Mexico
John Calhoun and John Dix, Congressional Debate over Incorporating Mexico, 1848
Chapter Twelve: Westward Migration: Gold, Land, and Ambition
50. A View of Missionary Opportunities in the West
Narcissa Whitman, Letter from Oregon, 1837
51. The Mormon Trek
Jean Rio Baker, Utah Diary Excerpts, 1851
52. A Woman's Account of the Trail toward Gold
Louisiana Strentzel, Letter from California, 1850
53. A Family Measures the Cost of Ambition
William, Sabrina, and George Swain, Letters, 1849-1851
Chapter Thirteen: The Sectional Crisis: The West Divides the Nation
54. The Compromise of Popular Sovereignty
The Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
55. Bleeding Kansas from Opposing Perspectives
John Lawrie and Axalla John Hoole, Letters from Kansas, 1856
56. Popular Sovereignty and National Politics
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858
57. An Account of the Mormon War
Jesse A. Gove, Letters from Utah, 1857-1858
Chapter Fourteen: The Civil War: Bringing the Battlefront to the West
58. The Confederacy Imagines a Western Empire
John Baylor, Reports on Taking Arizona, 1861
59. The Battle of Glorietta Pass
George M. Brown, An Account of Fighting in New Mexico, 1862
60. Confederate Raiders in Missouri and Kansas
John McCorkle, A Description of the Attack on Lawrence, Kansas, 1863
61. Western Views of the War
Newspaper Coverage of the Civil War, 1862-1865
Chapter Fifteen: Reconstruction: New Lives in the West
62. Accounts of the Exodus to Kansas
Benjamin Singleton, H. Ruby, B.F. Watson, John Milton Brown, Testimony before the U.S. Senate, 1879-1880
63. A National Magazine's Report of African American Migration
Henry King, "A Year of the Exodus in Kansas," 1880
64. An African American Cowboy's Life
Nat Love, from The Life and Adventures of Nat Love, 1907
VOLUME II
Preface
Introduction: Defining the West and the Frontier
Chapter One: Reconstruction: New Lives in the West
1. Accounts of the Exodus to Kansas
Benjamin Singleton, H. Ruby, B.F. Watson, John Milton Brown, Testimony before the United States Senate, 1879-1880
2. A Magazine Report of African American Migration
Henry King, "A Year of the Exodus in Kansas," 1880
3. An African American Cowboy's Life
Nat Love, from The Life and Adventures of Nat Love, 1907
Chapter Two: Western Conquest: War against Native America
4. A Military Officer Justifies the Sand Creek Massacre
John Milton Chivington, "To the People of Colorado," 1865
5. Instructions to Whites in Indian Country
Henry B. Carrington, Orders to Civilian Wagon Trains in Montana, 1866
6. A Military Officer's View of the Black Hills
Richard I. Dodge, "Indians and the Indian Question," 1876
7. A Cheyenne View of Battle
Wooden Leg, Account of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, 1931
8. A Nez Percé's Call for Peace
Chief Joseph, An Indian's Views of Indian Affairs, 1879
Chapter Three: Urbanization: Western Cities
9. A Tourist's View of the Utah Territory
Samuel Bowles, A Week in Salt Lake, 1869
10. A Day in Denver
W. R. Russell, "Denver City," 1882
11. The Chinese Question in a California City
Willard Glazier, "San Francisco," 1883
12. The Chinese Question, in Cartoon
"Uncle Sam's Hospitality," 1882
13. An African American Community
Booker Washington, "Boley, A Negro Town in the West," 1908
14. Demography in the West
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics Measuring Progress and Birthrates, 1890 and 1900
Chapter Four: Populism: Politics and Protest
15. Women in the Populist Movement
Annie L. Diggs,"The Women in the Alliance Movement," 1892
16. Defending Populism
Daniel Zercher, "75 Reasons Why I Am a Populist," 1894
17. A Newspaperman Opposes Populism
William Allen White, "What's the Matter With Kansas?" 1896
18. Silver Populism and the "Cross of Gold"
William Jennings Bryan, Speech to the Democratic National Convention, 1896
19. The Long Reach of the Railroad
Frank Norris, from The Octopus, 1901
Chapter Five: Industrialization: Labor Unrest in the Mining West
20. Unrest in Idaho
Jack London, "Something Rotten in Idaho," 1906
21. The Miners Reply
Western Federation of Miners, Statement in Answer and Rebuttal, 1904
22. A Muckraker Charts a Middle Course
Ray Stannard Baker, "The Reign of Lawlessness: Anarchy and Despotism in Colorado," 1904
23. Protesting Conditions in Colorado
Mother Jones, "To My Friends and the Public Generally," 1914
24. Support for Mine Owners
John D. Rockefeller Jr., Address to Colorado Fuel and Iron Officials and Employee Representatives, 1915
Chapter Six: The Progressive Era: Expanding Democracy
25. A Californian Argues against Woman Suffrage
George S. Patton, "Why Women Should Not Be Given the Vote," 1911
26. Suffragist Strategy in California
Charlotte Anita Whitney, "Suggestions for Successful Organization," 1911
27. Legislative Reform in Oregon
Gilbert L. Hedges, from Where the People Rule, 1914
28. New Voters and the Americanization Movement
California Commission of Immigration and Housing, from Americanization, 1918
Chapter Seven: World War I: Western Mobilization for Global Conflict
29. Mexico Invited to Join the Central Powers
The Zimmermann Telegram, 1917
30. Preparing for War
Los Angeles Times, Editorial, 1917
31. Support for the War in Wyoming
Harrison Clifford Dale, "What We Are Fighting For," 1918
32. Camp Life in Texas
Rex F. Harlow, "Camp Bowie," 1919
Chapter Eight: The 1920s: Prohibition
33. Montana Takes a Stand on Alcohol
C. N. Kessler, "Liquor Laws of Montana," 1915
34. Wet and Dry in the Far West
George Fort Milton, "The Wets and the West," 1926
35. Prohibition in the Mountain West
Martha Bensley Bruere, Does Prohibition Work? 1927
36. A Physician Supports Prohibition
August Kuhlman, Prohibition as It Is in Some Parts of the West, 1928
Chapter Nine: The Depression: The New Deal and the Western Landscape
37. Workers on the Boulder Dam
Oral Histories of Boulder Dam Project, 19XX
38. Death on Boulder Dam
Boulder Canyon Project Fatalities, 1922-1935
39. The Dedication of a New Deal Project
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Address at the Boulder Dam, 1935
40. What to Expect in the Civilian Conservation Corps
California State Relief Administration, "Typical Questions and Answers," c. 1936
Chapter Ten: World War II: Japanese Internment
41. Internment in Washington
Monica Sone, from Nisei Daughter, 1953
42. Internment Orders from the President
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Executive Order 9066, 1942
43. Pictures of Internment
Miné Okubo, from Citizen 13660, 1946
44. The Director of Relocation Addresses Internment
Dillon S. Myer, "Democracy in Relocation," 1943
Chapter Eleven: The Cold War: The Nuclear West
45. Witnessing an Atomic Test
Frank P. Zeidler, "Observer's Report of the Atomic Test," 1952
46. Civil Defense in the Nuclear Age
North Dakota Civil Defense Agency, "How You Will Survive," c. 1960
47. Conditions in Bombed Areas
U.S. News and World Report, "What It's Like to Live on Earth's Most A-Bombed Area," 1957
Chapter Twelve: The 1960s: Civil Rights and Protest in the West
48. Student Mobilization for Free Speech
Mario Savio, Address to the Free Speech Movement, 1964
49. Support for California Farm Workers
Martin Luther King Jr., Telegram to César Chávez Regarding the Delano Strike, 1965
50. The Leadership of César Chávez
Peter Matthiessen, from Sal Si Puedes, 1969
51. The Rise of the Black Panthers
Various Oral Histories, 1990
52. Citizens Organize after Watts
Clara James, "The South Side Citizens Defense Committee," 1966
53. The Liberation of Alcatraz Island
Indians of All Tribes, "Proclamation to the Great White Father and All His People," 1969
Chapter Thirteen: The Vietnam Era: A Divided West
54. Mexican American Reaction to the War
Ruben Salazar, "Chicanos vs. Traditionalists," 1970
55. Students against the War
Stop the War Committee Newsletter, 1966
56. A Classic Antiwar Song
Country Joe McDonald, "I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag," 1965
57. The Counter Counterculture
Merle Haggard, "Okie from Muskogee," 1969
58. The President's Support for the War
Richard Nixon, Speech at the Air Force Academy, 1969
Chapter Fourteen: The 1970s and 1980s: Environmental Debates in the West
59. Plans for Earth Day
Claire Boisseau and Jim Harding, "Curriculum for Cubberley High School," 1970
60. Eco-sabotage as Civil Disobedience
Edward Abbey, from The Monkey Wrench Gang, 1975
61. Debating Land Use in Utah
François Leydet, "Coal vs. Parklands," 1980
62. A Controversial Secretary of Interior
Bill Hornby, "Jim Watt's Western Exposure," 1981
Chapter Fifteen: Contemporary America: Immigration and Integration
63. Immigration Restriction in the Rockies
Lisa Jones, "El Nuevo West," 1996
64. Restricting Undocumented Immigration
From California's Proposition 187, 1994
65. Support for Proposition 187
Harold Ezell, "Enough Is More than Enough," 1994
66. A Political Evolution
Scott Willis, "The Evolution of Pete Wilson," 1994
67. The English-Only Bandwagon
Joanne Jacobs, "Latino Vote Is Key to Depth of Prop. 227's Victory," 1998