Preface
Chapter 1
Origins, ca. 400,000–1100 B.C.E.
From Caves to Towns
Images in Society The Iceman
Mesopotamian Civilization
Mapping the Past Map 1.1: Spread of Cultures in the Ancient Near East
The Invention of Writing and the First Schools
Mesopotamian Thought and Religion
Sumerian Social and Gender Divisions
The Spread of Mesopotamian Culture
The Triumph of Babylon
Life Under Hammurabi
Egypt, the Land of the Pharaohs (3100–1200 B.C.E.)
The God-King of Egypt
The Pharaoh’s People
The Hyksos in Egypt (1640–1570 B.C.E.)
The New Kingdom: Revival and Empire (1500–1075 B.C.E.)
Individuals in Society Nefertiti, the "Perfect Woman"
The Hittites and the End of an Era (ca. 1640–1100 B.C.E.)
The Coming of the Hittites (ca. 1640–1200 B.C.E.)
The Fall of Empires and the Survival of Cultures (ca. 1200 B.C.E.)
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past A Quest for Immortality
Chapter 2
Small Kingdoms and Mighty Empires in the Near East, ca. 1100–513 B.C.E.
Disruption and Diffusion
The End of Egyptian Power
The Rise of Phoenicia
Individuals in Society Wen-Amon
The Children of Israel
The Evolution of the Jewish State
Elements of Jewish Religion
Assyria, the Military Monarchy
The Power of Assyria
Mapping the Past Map 2.2: The Assyrian and Persian Empires
Assyrian Culture
The Empire of the Persian Kings
The Land of the Medes and Persians
The Rise of the Persian Empire (550–540 B.C.E.)
Thus Spake Zarathustra
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past The Covenant Between Yahweh and the Hebrews
Chapter 3
Classical Greece, ca. 1650–338 B.C.E.
Hellas: The Land
The Minoans and Mycenaeans (ca. 2000–ca. 1100 B.C.E.)
Homer, Hesiod, Gods, and Heroes (1100–800 B.C.E.)
The Polis
Origins of the Polis
Governing Structures
The Archaic Age (800–500 B.C.E.)
Overseas Expansion
The Growth of Sparta
The Evolution of Athens
The Classical Period (500–338 B.C.E.)
The Persian Wars (499–479 B.C.E.)
Growth of the Athenian Empire (478–431 B.C.E.)
The Peloponnesian War (431–404 B.C.E.)
Mapping the Past Map 3.2: The Peloponnesian War
Athenian Arts in the Age of Pericles
Daily Life in Periclean Athens
Gender
Greek Religion
The Flowering of Philosophy
Individuals in Society Aspasia
The Final Act (404–338 B.C.E.)
The Struggle for Hegemony
Philip and the Macedonian Ascendancy
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past The Great Plague at Athens, 430 B.C.E.
Chapter 4
The Hellenistic World, 336–146 B.C.E.
Alexander and the Great Crusade
Alexander’s Legacy
The Political Legacy
Mapping the Past Map 4.1: The Hellenistic World
The Cultural Legacy
The Spread of Hellenism
Cities and Kingdoms
Men and Women in Hellenistic Monarchies
Greeks and Easterners
Hellenism and the Jews
The Economic Scope of the Hellenistic World
Hellenistic Intellectual Advances
Religion in the Hellenistic World
Philosophy and the People
Hellenistic Science
Hellenistic Medicine
Individuals in Society Archimedes and the Practical Application of Science
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past Alexander and the Brotherhood of Man
Chapter 5
The Rise of Rome, ca. 750–44 B.C.E.
The Etruscans and Rome
The Etruscans and the Roman Settlement of Italy (ca. 750–509 B.C.E.)
The Roman Conquest of Italy (509–290 B.C.E.)
The Roman Republic
The Roman State
Social Conflict in Rome
Roman Expansion
Italy Becomes Roman
Overseas Conquest (282–146 B.C.E.)
The Punic Wars and Beyond (264–133 B.C.E.)
Mapping the Past Map 5.2: Roman Expansion During the Republic
Rome Turns East (211–133 B.C.E.)
Old Values and Greek Culture
Cato and the Traditional Ideal
Scipio Aemilianus: Greek Culture and Urban Life
The Late Republic (133–31 B.C.E.)
Unrest in Rome and Italy
Civil War
Individuals in Society Quintus Sertorius
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past A Magic Charm
Chapter 6
The Pax Romana, 31 B.C.E.– 450 C.E.
Augustus’s Settlement (31 B.C.E.–14 C.E.)
The Principate and the Restored Republic
Roman Expansion into Northern and Western Europe
Literary Flowering and Social Changes
The Coming of Christianity
Unrest in Judaea
The Life and Teachings of Jesus
The Spread of Christianity
The Appeal of Christianity
Augustus’s Successors
The Julio-Claudians and the Flavians
The Age of the "Five Good Emperors" (96–180 C.E.)
Life in the "Golden Age"
Imperial Rome
Mapping the Past Map 6.2: The Economic Aspect of the Pax Romana
Rome and the Provinces
Individuals in Society Bithus, a Typical Roman Soldier
Images in Society The Roman Villa at Chedworth
Rome in Disarray and Recovery (177–450 C.E.)
Civil Wars and Foreign Invasions in the Third Century
Reconstruction Under Diocletian and Constantine (284–337 C.E.)
Inflation and Taxes
The Decline of Small Farms
The Acceptance of Christianity
The Construction of Constantinople
From the Classical World to Late Antiquity
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past Rome Extends Its Citizenship
Chapter 7
Late Antiquity, 350–600
The Byzantine Empire
Sources of Byzantine Strength
The Law Code of Justinian
Byzantine Intellectual Life
Individuals in Society Theodora of Constantinople
The Growth of the Christian Church
The Church and Its Leaders
The Church and the Roman Emperors
The Development of Christian Monasticism
Western and Eastern Monasticism
Christian Ideas and Practices
Christian Notions of Gender and Sexuality
Saint Augustine on Human Nature, Will, and Sin
Christian Missionaries and Conversion
Missionaries on the Continent
Missionaries in the British Isles
Conversion and Assimilation
Migrating Peoples
Celts, Germans, and Huns
Mapping the Past Map 7.3: The Barbarian Migrations
Germanic Kingdoms
Anglo-Saxon England
Barbarian Society
Kinship, Custom, and Class
Law
Social and Economic Structures
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past The Conversion of Clovis
Chapter 8
Europe in the Early Middle Ages, 600–1000
The Spread of Islam
The Arabs
Muslim-Christian Relations
The Frankish Kingdom
The Rise of the Carolingians
The Empire of Charlemagne
Charlemagne’s Personal Qualities and Marriage Strategies
The Government of the Carolingian Empire
The Imperial Coronation of Charlemagne
Decentralization and "Feudalism"
Manorialism, Serfdom, and the Slave Trade
Individuals in Society Ebo of Reims
Early Medieval Scholarship and Culture
Scholarship and Religious Life in Northumbria
The Carolingian Renaissance
Invasions and Migrations
Vikings in Western Europe
Mapping the Past Map 8.3: Invasions and Migrations of the Ninth Century
Slavs and Vikings in Eastern Europe
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past Feudal Homage and Fealty
Chapter 9
State and Church in the High Middle Ages, 1000–1300
Political Revival
Medieval Origins of the Modern State
Law and Justice
France and the Holy Roman Empire
Henry II and Thomas Becket
King John and Magna Carta
The Papacy
Innocent III and His Successors
The Crusades
Mapping the Past Map 9.4: The Routes of the Crusades
Motives and Course of the Crusades
Crusades Within Europe and the Expansion of Christendom
Consequences of the Crusades
Individuals in Society The Jews of Speyer: A Collective Biography
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past An Arab View of the Crusades
Chapter 10
The Changing Life of the People in the High Middle Ages
Village Life
Slavery, Serfdom, and Upward Mobility
Agricultural Methods and Improvements
Households, Work, and Food
Health Care
Childbirth and Child Abandonment
Popular Religion
Village Churches and Christian Symbols
Nobles
Origins and Status of the Nobility
Life in Convents and Monasteries
Individuals in Society Hildegard of Bingen
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past The Pilgrim’s Guide to Santiago de Compostela
Chapter 11
The Creativity and Challenges of Medieval Cities
Towns and Economic Revival
Town Liberties and Merchant Guilds
The Revival of Long-Distance Trade
Mapping the Past Map 11.1: Trade and Manufacturing in Medieval Europe
The Commercial Revolution
Individuals in Society Francesco Datini
Medieval Universities
Instruction and Curriculum
Thomas Aquinas and the Teaching of Theology
Arts and Architecture
Vernacular Literature and Entertainment
Images in Society From Romanesque to Gothic
Cities and the Church
The Friars and Papal Power
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past Courtly Love
Chapter 12
The Crisis of the Later Middle Ages, 1300–1450
Prelude to Disaster
The Black Death
Mapping the Past Map 12.1: The Course of the Black Death in Fourteenth-Century Europe
Social, Economic, and Cultural Consequences
The Hundred Years’ War
The Course of the War to 1419
Joan of Arc and France’s Victory
Challenges to the Church
The Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism
Individuals in Society Jan Hus
Economic and Social Change
Ethnic Tensions and Restrictions
Literacy and Vernacular Literature
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past Christine de Pizan
Chapter 13
European Society in the Age of the Renaissance, 1350–1550
Economic and Political Developments
The Balance of Power Among the Italian City-States
Intellectual Change
Mapping the Past Map 13.2: The Growth of Printing in Europe
Art and the Artist
Subjects and Style
Individuals in Society Leonardo da Vinci
Social Hierarchies
Politics and the State in the Renaissance (ca. 1450–1521)
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past An Age of Gold
Chapter 14
Reformations and Religious Wars, 1500–1600
The Early Reformation
The Christian Church in the Early Sixteenth Century
The Appeal of Protestant Ideas
The Reformation and Marriage
Images in Society Art in the Reformation
The Reformation and German Politics
The Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty
The Political Impact of the Protestant Reformation
The Spread of the Protestant Reformation
The Reformation in England and Ireland
The Establishment of the Church of Scotland
The Reformation in Eastern Europe
The Catholic Reformation
Mapping the Past Map 14.2: Religious Divisions in Europe
Individuals in Society Teresa of Ávila
Religious Violence
The Netherlands Under Charles V
The Great European Witch-Hunt
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past Martin Luther, On Christian Liberty
Chapter 15
European Exploration and Conquest, 1450–1650
World Contacts Before Columbus
The Trade World of the Indian Ocean
The Ottoman and Persian Empires
Genoese and Venetian Middlemen
The European Voyages of Discovery
Causes of European Expansion
Technological Stimuli to Exploration
The Portuguese Overseas Empire
Mapping the Past Map 15.1: Overseas Exploration and Conquest, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
The Problem of Christopher Columbus
Europe and the World After Columbus
Spanish Settlement and Indigenous Population Decline
Silver and the Economic Effects of Spain’s Discoveries
The Birth of the Global Economy
Individuals in Society Juan de Pareja
Changing Attitudes and Beliefs
Michel de Montaigne and Cultural Curiosity
Elizabethan and Jacobean Literature
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past Columbus Describes His First Voyage
Chapter 16
Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Western Europe, ca. 1589–1715
Seventeenth-Century Crisis and Rebuilding
Economic and Demographic Crisis
Seventeenth-Century State Building: Common Obstacles and Achievements
Absolutism in France and Spain
The Foundations of Absolutism: Henry IV, Sully, and Richelieu
Financial and Economic Management Under Louis XIV: Colbert
Mapping the Past Map 16.1: Europe in 1715
The Decline of Absolutist Spain in the Seventeenth Century
The Culture of Absolutism
French Classicism
Constitutionalism
Absolutist Claims in England (1603–1649)
Puritanical Absolutism in England: Cromwell and the Protectorate
The Restoration of the English Monarchy
The Triumph of England’s Parliament: Constitutional Monarchy and Cabinet Government
The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century
Individuals in Society Glückel of Hameln
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past The Court at Versailles
Chapter 17
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe to 1740
Warfare and Social Change in Central and Eastern Europe
The Consolidation of Serfdom
Consequences of the Thirty Years’ War
The Rise of Austria and Prussia
Prussia in the Seventeenth Century
The Consolidation of Prussian Absolutism
Images in Society Absolutist Palace Building
The Development of Russia and the Ottoman Empire
The Mongol Yoke and the Rise of Moscow
Mapping the Past Map 17.3: The Expansion of Russia to 1725
The Reforms of Peter the Great
The Growth of the Ottoman Empire
Individuals in Society Hürrem
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past A Foreign Traveler in Russia
Chapter 18
Toward a New Worldview, 1540–1789
The Scientific Revolution
Scientific Thought in 1500
The Copernican Hypothesis
Causes of the Scientific Revolution
The Enlightenment
The Emergence of the Enlightenment
The Philosophes and the Public
Urban Culture and the Public Sphere
Race and the Enlightenment
The Enlightenment and Absolutism
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Catherine the Great of Russia
Mapping the Past Map 18.1: The Partition of Poland and Russia’s Expansion, 1772–1795
Individuals in Society Moses Mendelssohn and the Jewish Enlightenment
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past Voltaire on Religion
Chapter 19
The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century
Agriculture and the Land
The Agricultural Revolution
The Leadership of the Low Countries and England
The Beginning of the Population Explosion
Cottage Industry and Urban Guilds
Mapping the Past Map 19.1: Industry and Population in Eighteenth-Century Europe
The Industrious Revolution
Building the Global Economy
Mercantilism and Colonial Wars
Adam Smith and Economic Liberalism
Images in Society London: The Remaking of a Great City
Individuals in Society Olaudah Equiano
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past The Debate over the Guilds
Chapter 20
The Changing Life of the People
Marriage and the Family
Late Marriage and Nuclear Families
Premarital Sex and Community Controls
New Patterns of Marriage and Illegitimacy
Children and Education
Foundlings and Infanticide
Attitudes Toward Children
Schools and Popular Literature
Food, Medicine, and New Consumption Habits
Toward a Consumer Society
Individuals in Society Madame du Coudray, the Nation’s Midwife
Religion and Popular Culture
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past A Day in the Life of Paris
Chapter 21
The Revolution in Politics, 1775–1815
Background to Revolution
Legal Orders and Social Change
The Crisis of Political Legitimacy
The Impact of the American Revolution
Revolution in Metropole and Colony, 1789–1791
The Formation of the National Assembly
The Revolt of the Poor and the Oppressed
Revolutionary Aspirations in Saint-Domingue
World War and Republican France, 1791–1799
Foreign Reactions and the Beginning of War
Revolution in Saint-Domingue
The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory, 1749–1799
The Napoleonic Era, 1799–1815
Napoleon’s Rule of France
Napoleon’s Expansion in Europe
The War of Haitian Independence
The Grand Empire and Its End
Individuals in Society Toussaint L’Ouverture
Mapping the Past Map 21.1: Napoleonic Europe in 1810
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past Revolution and Women’s Rights
Chapter 22
The Revolution in Energy and Industry, ca. 1780–1860
The Industrial Revolution in Britain
Eighteenth-Century Origins
The Steam Engine Breakthrough
The Coming of the Railroads
Industrialization in Continental Europe
The Challenge of Industrialization
Government Support and Corporate Banking
Mapping the Past Map 22.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850
Relations Between Capital and Labor
The New Class of Factory Owners
Changes in the Division of Labor by Gender
The Early Labor Movement in Britain
Individuals in Society The Strutt Family
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past Testimony Concerning Young Mine Workers
Chapter 23
Ideologies and Upheavals, 1815–1850
The Peace Settlement
The European Balance of Power
Mapping the Past Map 23.1: Europe in 1815
Intervention and Repression
Radical Ideas and Early Socialism
The Birth of Marxian Socialism
The Romantic Movement
Reforms and Revolutions
National Liberation in Greece
Liberal Reform in Great Britain
Ireland and the Great Famine
The Revolution of 1830 in France
A Democratic Republic in France
The Austrian Empire in 1848
Prussia and the Frankfurt Assembly
Individuals in Society Jules Michelet
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past Speaking for the Czech Nation
Chapter 24
Life in the Emerging Urban Society in the Nineteenth Century
Taming the City
Industry and the Growth of Cities
Public Health and the Bacterial Revolution
Mapping the Past Map 24.1: European Cities of 100,000 or More, 1800 and 1900
Urban Planning and Public Transportation
Rich and Poor and Those in Between
Working-Class Leisure and Religion
Images in Society Class and Gender Boundaries in Women’s Fashion, 1850–1914
The Changing Family
Premarital Sex and Marriage
Gender Roles and Family Life
Individuals in Society Franziska Tiburtius
Science and Thought
Social Science and Evolution
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past Middle-Class Youth and Sexuality
Chapter 25
The Age of Nationalism, 1850–1914
Napoleon III in France
The Second Republic and Louis Napoleon
Napoleon III’s Second Empire
Nation Building in Italy and Germany
Cavour and Garibaldi in Italy
Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War, 1866
The Taming of the Parliament
The Franco-Prussian War, 1870–1871
Mapping the Past Map 25.2 The Unification of Germany, 1866–1871
Nation Building in the United States
The Modernization of Russia and the Ottoman Empire
Decline and Reform in the Ottoman Empire
The Responsive National State, 1871–1914
Great Britain and Ireland
The Austro-Hungarian Empire
Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism
Individuals in Society Theodor Herzl
Marxism and the Socialist Movement
The Socialist International
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past The Making of a Socialist
Chapter 26
The West and the World, 1815–1914
Industrialization and the World Economy
The Rise of Global Inequality
The Opening of China and Japan
Western Penetration of Egypt
The Great Migration
Western Imperialism, 1880–1914
Mapping the Past Map 26.1 The Partition of Africa
Causes of the New Imperialism
Individuals in Society Cecil Rhodes
Responding to Western Imperialism
Toward Revolution in China
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past A British Woman in India
Chapter 27
The Great Break: War and Revolution, 1914–1919
The First World War
The Bismarckian System of Alliances
The Home Front
Growing Political Tensions
Individuals in Society Vera Brittain
The Russian Revolution
The Fall of Imperial Russia
The Provisional Government
Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution
Trotsky and the Seizure of Power
Dictatorship and Civil War
The Peace Settlement
Mapping the Past Map 27.4 Shattered Empires and Territorial Changes After World War
The Peace Settlement in the Middle East
American Rejection of the Versailles Treaty
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past Arab Political Aspirations in 1919
Chapter 28
The Age of Anxiety (ca. 1900–1940)
Modernism and the Crisis of Western Thought
Modernism in Art and Design
Images in Society Pablo Picasso and Modern Art
Movies and Radio
The Search for Peace and Political Stability
Germany and the Western Powers
Hope in Foreign Affairs, 1924–1929
Hope in Democratic Government
Individuals in Society Gustav Stresemann
The Great Depression, 1929–1939
The New Deal in the United States
Mapping the Past Map 28.1 The Great Depression in the United States, Britain, and Europe
The Scandinavian Response to the Depression
Recovery and Reform in Britain and France
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past Life on the Dole in Great Britain
Chapter 29
Dictatorships and the Second World War, 1919–1945
Stalin’s Soviet Union
Life and Culture in Soviet Society
Stalinist Terror and the Great Purges
Mussolini and Fascism in Italy
Hitler and Nazism in Germany
The Nazi State and Society
Aggression and Appeasement, 1933–1939
The Second World War
Hitler’s Empire, 1939–1942
The War in Europe, 1942–1945
Mapping the Past Map 29.2 World War II in Europe
The War in the Pacific, 1942–1945
Individuals in Society Primo Levi
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past Stalin Justifies the Five-Year Plan
Chapter 30
Cold War Conflicts and Social Transformations, 1945–1985
The Division of Europe
The Origins of the Cold War
The Western Renaissance, 1945–1968
Mapping the Past Map 30.1 European Alliance Systems, 1949–1989
Decolonization in East Asia
Decolonization in the Middle East and Africa
America’s Civil Rights Revolution
Soviet Eastern Europe, 1945–1968
Stalin’s Last Years, 1945–1953
Reform and De-Stalinization, 1953–1964
The Soviet Union to 1985
Postwar Social Transformations, 1945–1968
The Changing Class Structure
Youth and the Counterculture
Conflict and Challenge in the Late Cold War, 1968–1985
Society in a Time of Economic Uncertainty
Individuals in Society Margaret Thatcher
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past A Feminist Critique of Marriage
Chapter 31
Revolution, Rebuilding, and New Challenges: 1985 to the Present
The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union
Gorbachev’s Reforms in the Soviet Union
The Disintegration of the Soviet Union
Building a New Europe in the 1990s
Common Patterns and Problems
Mapping the Past Map 31.2 Contemporary Europe
Progress in Eastern Europe
Unity and Identity in Western Europe
New Challenges in the Twenty-first Century
The Prospect of Population Decline
The Growth of Immigration
The West and the Islamic World
The al-Qaeda Attack of September 11, 2001
The West and Its Muslim Citizens
Individuals in Society Tariq Ramadan
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past The French Riots: Will They Change Anything?
Index