Preface Versions and Supplements Maps Special Features Prologue: From Cosmic History to Human History
The History of the Universe
The History of a Planet
The History of the Human Species... in a Single Paragraph
Why World History?
Comparison, Connection, and Change: The Three Cs of World History
Snapshot: A History of the Universe as a Cosmic Calendar
Part One: First Things First: Beginnings in History, to 500 b.c.e.
The Big Picture
Turning Points in Early World History
The Emergence of Humankind The Globalization of Humankind
The Revolution of Farming and Herding
The Turning Point of Civilization
A Note on Dates
*Mapping Part One
1 Chapter One: First Peoples; First Farmers: Most of History in a Single Chapter, To 4000 b.c.e.
Out of Africa to the Ends of the Earth: First Migrations
Into Eurasia Into Australia
Into the Americas
Into the Pacific
The Ways We Were
The First Human Societies Economy and the Environment
The Realm of the Spirit
Settling Down: The Great Transition
Breakthroughs to Agriculture
Common Patterns Variations
The Globalization of Agriculture
Triumph and Resistance The Culture of Agriculture
Social Variation in the Age of Agriculture
Pastoral Societies Agricultural Village Societies
Chiefdoms
Reflections: The Uses of the Paleolithic
Second Thoughts
What's the Significance Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve Snapshot: Paleolithic Era in Perspective
*Portrait: Ishi, The Last of His People
2 First Civilizations: Cities, States, and Unequal Societies, 3500 b.c.e.–500 b.c.e. Something New: The Emergence of Civilizations
Introducing the First Civilizations The Question of Origins
An Urban Revolution
The Erosion of Equality
Hierarchies of Class Hierarchies of Gender
Patriarchy in Practice
The Rise of the State
Coercion and Consent Writing and Accounting
The Grandeur of Kings
Comparing Mesopotamia and Egypt
Environment and Culture Cities and States
Interaction and Exchange
Reflections: "Civilization": What’s in a Word?
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve Snapshot: Writing in Ancient Civilizations
*Portrait: Paneb of Egypt
Part Two: Second Wave Civilizations in World History, 500 b.c.e.–500 c.e. The Big Picture
After the First Civilizations: What Changed and What Didn’t?
Continuities in Civilization Changes in Civilization
Snapshot: World Population during the Age of Agricultural Civilization
*Mapping Part Two
3 State and Empire in Eurasia/North Africa, 500 b.c.e.–500 c.e.
Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the Greeks
The Persian Empire The Greeks
Collision: The Greco-Persian Wars
Collision: Alexander and the Hellenistic Era
Comparing Empires: Roman and Chinese
Rome: From City-State to Empire China: From Warring States to Empire
Consolidating the Roman and Chinese Empires
The Collapse of Empires
Intermittent Empire: The Case of India
Reflections: Enduring Legacies of Second-Wave Empires
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve Snapshot: Distinctive Features of Second-Wave Eurasian Civilizations
*Portrait: Trung Trac, Resisting the Chinese Empire
4 Culture and Religion in Eurasia/North Africa, 500 b.c.e.–500 c.e. China and the Search for Order
The Legalist Answer The Confucian Answer
The Daoist Answer Cultural Traditions of Classical India
South Asian Religion: From Ritual Sacrifice to Philosophical Speculation The
Buddhist Challenge Hinduism as a Religion of Duty and Devotion
Moving toward Monotheism: The Search for God in the Middle East
Zoroastrianism Judaism
The Cultural Tradition of Classical Greece: The Search for a Rational Order
The Greek Way of Knowing The Greek Legacy
The Birth of ChristianityÉwith Buddhist Comparisons
The Lives of the Founders The Spread of New Religions
Institutions, Controversies, and Divisions
Reflections: Religion and Historians
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve Snapshot: Thinkers and Philosophies of the Second-Wave Era
*Portrait: Perpetua, Christian Martyr
5 Society and Inequality in Eurasia/North Africa, 500 b.c.e.–500 c.e. Society and the State in China
An Elite of Officials The Landlord Class
Peasants
Merchants
Class and Caste in India
Caste as Varna Caste as
Jati The Functions of Caste
Slavery: The Case of the Roman Empire
Slavery and Civilization The Making of Roman Slavery
Resistance and Rebellion
Comparing Patriarchies
A Changing Patriarchy: The Case of China Contrasting Patriarchies in Athens and Sparta
Reflections: Arguing with Solomon and the Buddha
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve Snapshot: Social Life and Duty in India *Portrait: Ge Hong, a Chinese Scholar in Troubled Times
6 Commonalities and Variations: Africa and the Americas, 500 b.c.e.–1200 c.e. Continental Comparisons
African Civilizations
Meroe: Continuing a Nile Valley Civilization Axum: The Making of a Christian Kingdom
Along the Niger River: Cities without States
Civilizations of Mesoamerica
The Maya: Writing and Warfare Teotihuacan: The Americas’ Greatest City
Civilizations of the Andes
Chavin: A Pan-Andean Religious Movement Moche: A Civilization of the Coast
Wari and Tiwanaku: Empires of the Interior
Alternatives to Civilization: Bantu Africa
Cultural Encounters Society and Religion
Alternatives to Civilization: North America
The Ancestral Pueblo: Pit Houses and Great Houses Peoples of the Eastern Woodlands: The Mound Builders
Reflections: Deciding What’s Important: Balance in World History
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve Snapshot: Continental Population in the Second-Wave Era
*Portrait: Piye, Kushite Conqueror of Egypt
Part Three: An Age of Accelerating Connections, 500–1500 The Big Picture
Defining a Millennium
Third-Wave Civilizations: Something New, Something Old, Something Blended The Ties That Bind: Transregional Interaction in the Third Wave Era
*Mapping Part Three
7 Commerce and Culture, 500–1500
Silk Roads: Exchange across Eurasia
The Growth of the Silk Roads Goods in Transit
Cultures in Transit
Disease in Transit
Sea Roads: Exchange across the Indian Ocean
Weaving the Web of an Indian Ocean World Sea Roads as a Catalyst for Change: Southeast Asia
Sea Roads as a Catalyst for Change: East Africa
Sand Roads: Exchange across the Sahara
Commercial Beginnings in West Africa Gold, Salt, and Slaves: Trade and Empire in West Africa
An American Network: Commerce and Connection in the Western Hemisphere
Reflections: Economic Globalization—Ancient and Modern
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve Snapshot: Economic Exchange along the Silk Roads
Snapshot: Economic Exchange in the Indian Ocean Basin *Portrait: Thorfinn Karlsefni, Viking Voyager
8 China and the World: East Asian Connections, 500–1300 Together Again: The Reemergence of a Unified China
A "Golden Age" of Chinese Achievement Women in the Song Dynasty
China and the Northern Nomads: A Chinese World Order in the Making
The Tribute System in Theory The Tribute System in Practice
Cultural Influence across an Ecological Frontier
Coping with China: Comparing Korea, Vietnam, and Japan
Korea and China Vietnam and China
Japan and China
China and the Eurasian World Economy
Spillovers: China’s Impact on Eurasia On the Receiving End: China as Economic Beneficiary
China and Buddhism
Making Buddhism Chinese Losing State Support: The Crisis of Chinese Buddhism
Reflections: Why Do Things Change?
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve *Snapshot: Chinese Technological Achievements
*Portrait: Izumi Shikibu, Japanese Poet and Lover
9 The Worlds of Islam: Afro-Eurasian Connections, 600–1500 The Birth of a New Religion
The Homeland of Islam The Messenger and the Message
The Transformation of Arabia
The Making of an Arab Empire
War, Conquest, and Tolerance Conversion
Divisions and Controversies
Women and Men in Early Islam
Islam and Cultural Encounter: A Four-Way Comparison
The Case of India The Case of Anatolia
The Case of West Africa
The Case of Spain
The World of Islam as a New Civilization
Networks of Faith Networks of Exchange
Reflections: Past and Present: Choosing Our History
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve Snapshot: Key Achievements in Islamic Science and Scholarship
*Portrait: Mansa Musa, West African Monarch and Muslim Pilgrim
10 The Worlds of Christendom: Contraction, Expansion, and Division, 500–1300 Christian Contraction in Asia and Africa
Asian Christianity African Christianity Byzantine Christendom: Building on the Roman Past
The Byzantine State The Byzantine Church and Christian Divergence Byzantium and the World The Conversion of Russia Western Christendom: Rebuilding in the Wake of Roman Collapse
Political Life in Western Europe, 500–1000 Society and the Church, 500–1000 Accelerating Change in the West, 1000–1300 Europe Outward Bound: The Crusading Tradition The West in Comparative Perspective
Catching Up Pluralism in Politics Reason and Faith Reflections: Remembering and Forgetting: Continuity and Surprise in the Worlds of Christendom
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions Next Steps: For Further Study LearningCurve *Snapshot: European Borrowing
*Portrait: Cecilia Penifader, An English Peasant and Unmarried Woman
11 Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage: The Mongol Moment, 1200–1500 Looking Back and Looking Around: The Long History of Pastoral Nomads
The World of Pastoral Societies Before the Mongols: Pastoralists in History
Breakout: The Mongol Empire
From Temujin to Chinggis Khan: The Rise of the Mongol Empire Explaining the Mongol Moment
Encountering the Mongols: Comparing Three Cases
China and the Mongols Persia and the Mongols
Russia and the Mongols
The Mongol Empire as a Eurasian Network
Toward a World Economy Diplomacy on a Eurasian Scale
Cultural Exchange in the Mongol Realm
The Plague: An Afro-Eurasian Pandemic
Reflections: Changing Images of Nomadic Peoples
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve Snapshot: Varieties of Pastoral Societies
*Portrait, Khutulun, A Mongol Wrestler Princess
12 The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century The Shapes of Human Communities
Paleolithic Persistence: Australia and North America Agricultural Village Societies: The Igbo and the Iroquois
Herding Peoples: Central Asia and West Africa
Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: Comparing China and Europe
Ming Dynasty China European Comparisons: State Building and Cultural Renewal
European Comparisons: Maritime Voyaging
Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: The Islamic World
In the Islamic Heartland: The Ottoman and Safavid Empires On the Frontiers of Islam: The Songhay and Mughal Empires
Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: The Americas
The Aztec Empire The Inca Empire
Webs of Connection
A Preview of Coming Attractions: Looking Ahead to the Modern Era, 1500–2012
Reflections: What If? Chance and Contingency in World History
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve Snapshot: Major Developments around the World in the Fifteenth Century
Snapshot: World Population Growth, 1000–2000
*Portrait: Zheng He, China's Non-Chinese Admiral
Part Four: The Early Modern World, 1450–1750 The Big Picture
Debating the Character of an Era
An Early Modern Era? A Late Agrarian Era?
*Mapping Part Four
13 Political Transformations: Empires and Encounters, 1450–1750 European Empires in the Americas
The European Advantage The Great Dying
The Columbian Exchange
Comparing Colonial Societies in the Americas
In the Lands of the Aztecs and the Incas Colonies of Sugar
Settler
Colonies in North America The Steppes and Siberia: The Making of a Russian Empire
Experiencing the Russian Empire Russians and Empire
Asian Empires
Making China an Empire Muslims and Hindus in the Mughal Empire
Muslims and Christians in the Ottoman Empire
Reflections: The Centrality of Context in World History
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For
Further Study LearningCurve Snapshot: Ethnic Composition of Colonial Societies in Latin America
*Portrait: Do–a Marina, Between Two Worlds
14. Economic Transformations: Commerce and Consequence, 1450–1750 Europeans and Asian Commerce
A Portuguese Empire of Commerce Spain and the Philippines
The East India Companies
Asian Commerce
Silver and Global Commerce
The "World Hunt": Fur in Global Commerce
Commerce in People: The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade in Context The Slave Trade in Practice
Consequences: The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa
Reflections: Economic Globalization—Then and Now
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For
Further Study LearningCurve Snapshot: The Slave Trade in Numbers (1501-1866)
*Portrait: Ayuba Suleiman Diallo, To Slavery and Back
15 Cultural Transformations: Religion and Science, 1450–1750 The Globalization of Christianity
Western Christendom Fragmented: The Protestant Reformation Christianity Outward Bound
Conversion and Adaptation in Spanish America
An Asian Comparison: China and the Jesuits Persistence and Change in Afro-Asian Cultural Traditions
Expansion and Renewal in the Islamic World China: New Directions in an Old Tradition
India: Bridging the Hindu/Muslim Divide
A New Way of Thinking: The Birth of Modern Science
The Question of Origins: Why Europe? Science as Cultural Revolution
Science and Enlightenment Looking Ahead: Science in the Nineteenth Century
European Science beyond the West Reflections: Cultural Borrowing and Its Hazards
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For
Further Study LearningCurve Snapshot: Catholic/Protestant Differences in the Sixteenth Century
Snapshot: Major Thinkers and Achievements of the Scientific Revolution
*Portrait: Ursula de Jesus, An Afro-Peruvian Slave and Christian Visionary
Part Five: The European Moment In World History, 1750–1914
The Big Picture
European Centrality and the Problem of Eurocentrism
Eurocentric Geography and History Countering Eurocentrism
*Mapping Part Five
16 Atlantic Revolutions, Global Echoes, 1750–1914 Atlantic Revolutions in a Global Context
Comparing Atlantic Revolutions
The North American Revolution, 1775–1787 The French Revolution, 1789–1815
The Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804
Spanish American Revolutions, 1810–1825
Echoes of Revolution
The Abolition of Slavery Nations and Nationalism
Feminist Beginnings
Reflections: Revolutions Pro and Con
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve Snapshot: Key Moments in the Growth of Nationalism
*Portrait: Kartini, Feminism and Nationalism in Java
17 Revolutions of Industrialization, 1750–1914 Explaining the Industrial Revolution
Why Europe? Why Britain?
The First Industrial Society
The British Aristocracy The Middle Classes
The Laboring Classes
Social Protest
Europeans in Motion
Variations on a Theme: Comparing Industrialization in the United States and Russia
The United States: Industrialization without Socialism Russia:
Industrialization and Revolution The Industrial Revolution and Latin America in the Nineteenth Century
After Independence in Latin America Facing the World Economy
Becoming like Europe? Reflections: History and Horse Races
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve Snapshot: Measuring the Industrial Revolution
Snapshot: The Industrial Revolution and the Global Divide
*Portrait: Ellen Johnston, Factory Girl and Poet
18 Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa, 1750–1950 Industry and Empire
A Second Wave of European Conquests
Under European Rule
Cooperation and Rebellion Colonial Empires with a Difference
Ways of Working: Comparing Colonial Economies
Economies of Coercion: Forced Labor and the Power of the State Economies of Cash-Crop Agriculture: The Pull of the Market
Economies of Wage Labor: Migration for Work
Women and the Colonial Economy: Examples from Africa
Assessing Colonial Development
Believing and Belonging: Identity and Cultural Change in the Colonial Era
Education Religion
"Race" and "Tribe"
Reflections: Who Makes History?
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve Snapshot: Long-Distance Migration in an Age of Empire, 1846–1940
*Portrait: Wanjiku of Kenya, An Ordinary Woman in Extraordinary Times
19 Empire in Collision: Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia, 1800–1914 Reversal of Fortune: China’s Century of Crisis
The Crisis Within Western Pressures The Failure of Conservative Modernization The Ottoman Empire and the West in the Nineteenth Century
"The Sick Man of Europe" Reform and Its Opponents Outcomes: Comparing China and the Ottoman Empire The Japanese Difference: The Rise of a New East Asian Power
The Tokugawa Background American Intrusion and the Meiji Restoration Modernization Japanese Style Japan and the World Reflections: Success and Failure in History
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions Next Steps: For Further Study LearningCurve Snapshot: Chinese/British Trade at Canton, 1835–1836
*Portrait: Commissioner Lin, Confronting the Opium Trade
Part Six: The Most Recent Century, 1914–2012 The Big Picture
Since World War I: A New Period in World History?
*Mapping Part Six
20 Collapse at the Center: World War, Depression, and the Rebalancing of Global Power, 1914–1970s The First World War: European Civilization in Crisis, 1914–1918
An Accident Waiting to Happen Legacies of the Great War
Capitalism Unraveling: The Great Depression
Democracy Denied: Comparing Italy, Germany, and Japan
The Fascist Alternative in Europe Hitler and the Nazis
Japanese Authoritarianism
A Second World War
The Road to War in Asia The Road to War in Europe
The
Outcomes of Global Conflict The Recovery of Europe
Reflections: War and Remembrance: Learning from History
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve Snapshot: Comparing the Impact of the Depression
*Portrait: Etty Hillesum, Witness to the Holocaust
21 Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict: The Rise and Fall of World Communism, 1917–Present Global Communism
Comparing Revolutions as a Path to Communism
Russia: Revolution in a Single Year China: A Prolonged Revolutionary Struggle
Building Socialism in Two Countries
Communist Feminism Socialism in the Countryside
Communism and Industrial Development
The Search for Enemies
East versus West: A Global Divide and a Cold War
Military Conflict and the Cold War Nuclear Standoff and Third World Rivalry
Paths to the End of Communism
China: Abandoning Communism and Maintaining the Party The Soviet Union: The Collapse of Communism and Country
Reflections: To Judge or Not to Judge
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve Snapshot: China under Mao, 1949–1976
*Portrait: Anna Dubova, A Peasant Woman and Soviet Communist
22 The End of Empire: The Global South on the Global Stage, 1914–Present Toward Freedom: Struggles for Independence
The End of Empire in World History Explaining African and Asian Independence
Comparing Freedom Struggles
The Case of India: Ending British Rule The Case of South Africa: Ending Apartheid
Experiments with Freedom
Experiments in Political Order: Party, Army, and the Fate of Democracy Experiments in Economic Development: Changing Priorities, Varying Outcomes
Experiments with Culture: The Role of Islam in Turkey and Iran
Reflections: History in the Middle of the Stream
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve Snapshot: World Population Growth, 1950-2011
*Portrait: Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Muslim Pacifist
23 Capitalism and Culture: A New Phase of Global Interaction, since 1945 The Transformation of the World Economy
Reglobalization Growth, Instability, and Inequality
Globalization and an American Empire
The Globalization of Liberation: Focus on Feminism
Feminism in the West Feminism in the Global South
International Feminism
Religion and Global Modernity
Fundamentalism on a Global Scale Creating Islamic Societies: Resistance and Renewal in the World of Islam
Religious Alternatives to Fundamentalism
Experiencing the Anthropocene Era: Environment and Environmentalism
The Global Environment Transformed Green and Global
Final Reflections: Pondering the OAR
Second Thoughts
What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
LearningCurve *Snapshot: Global Development and Inequality: 2011
*Portrait: Rachel Carson, Pioneer of Environmentalism
Notes Index
Acknowledgments
About the Author
*New to this edition