1. Origins, ca. 400,000-1100 B.C.E.
1-1 A Mesopotamian Creation Myth, ca. 2000-1000 B.C.E.
1-2 The Epic of Gilgamesh, ca. 2750 B.C.E.
1-3 The Code of Hammurabi, ca. 1780 B.C.E.
1-4 The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Declaration of Innocence, ca. 2100-1800 B.C.E.
| VIEWPOINTS: KINGS AND GODS
| 1-5 Akhenaten, The Hymn to the Aten, ca. 1350 B.C.E.
| 1-6 Sacred Kingship: Set, Rameses II, and Horus, ca. 1244 B.C.E.
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS
2. Small Kingdoms and Mighty Empires in the Near East ca. 1100-513 B.C.E.
2-1 Book of Genesis: The Hebrews Explain Creation, ca. 950-450 B.C.E.
2-2 Exodus and Deuteronomy: The Hebrew Law and Covenant, ca. 950-450 B.C.E.
2-3 Book of 2 Kings: Jerusalem Saved, 701 B.C.E.
| VIEWPOINTS: THE LEGACY OF CYRUS
| 2-4 Cyrus of Persia, Ruling an Empire, ca. 550 B.C.E
| 2-5 Book of Isaiah: Blessings for Cyrus, ca. 550 B.C.E
2-6 Zoroaster, Gatha 30: Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds, ca. 600 B.C.E.
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS
3. The Development of Classical Greece, ca. 2000-338 B.C.E.
3-1 Homer, The Odyssey: Odysseus and the Sirens, ca. 800 B.C.E.
3-2 Hesiod, Works and Days, ca. 800 B.C.E.
3-3 Archilochus of Paros, Sappho of Lesbos, Anacreon of Teos, Lyric Poems, ca. 700-450 B.C.E.
| VIEWPOINTS: POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
| 3-4 Thucydides, The History of the Peloponnesian War: Pericles' Funeral Oration, ca. 400 B.C.E.
| 3-5 Plato, The Republic: The Allegory of the Cave, ca. 360 B.C.E.
| 3-6 Aristotle, Politics: Democracy, ca. 340 B.C.E.
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS
4. The Hellenistic World, 336-30 B.C.E.
4-1 On the Burial of Alexander and Hephaestion: Ephippus of Olynthus Remembers Alexander the Great, ca. 323 B.C.E.
4-2 Religious and Political Mixing: The Ptolemies of Egypt, ca. 270-246 B.C.E.
| VIEWPOINTS: LIVING THE GOOD LIFE
| 4-3 Diogenes Laertius, The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers: Diogenes of Sinope, ca. 300-200 B.C.E.
| 4-4 Epicurus, The Principal Doctrines of Epicureanism, ca. 306 B.C.E.
| 4-5 Epictetus, Encheiridion, or The Manual, ca. 100 C.E.
4-6 The Maccabee Revolt, ca. 175 B.C.E.
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS
5. The Rise of Rome, ca. 750-31 B.C.E.
5-1 Livy, The Rape of Lucretia, ca. 27-25 B.C.E.
5-2 A Roman Wedding, ca. 160 C.E.
5-3 Manumissions of Hellenistic Slaves: The Process of Freedom, ca. 167-101 B.C.E.
5-4 Seneca, The Sounds of a Roman Bath, ca. 50 C.E.
| VIEWPOINTS: POLITICAL UNREST IN ROME
| 5-5 Appian of Alexandria, The Civil Wars, ca. 100 C.E.
| 5-6 Plutarch, On Julius Caesar, a Man of Unlimited Ambition, ca. 44 B.C.E.
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS
6. The Pax Romana, 31 B.C.E.-284 C.E.
| VIEWPOINTS: ROMANS AND OTHERS
| 6-1 Juvenal, The Third Satire: What Is There to Do in Rome?, ca. 100 C.E.
| 6-2 Tacitus, Germania: Rome Encounters the Noble Savages, ca. 100 C.E.
6-3 Apuleius, The Golden Ass: The Veneration of Isis, ca. 170 C.E.
6-4 The Gospel According to Matthew: The Sermon on the Mount, 28 C.E.
6-5 The Alexamenos Graffito, ca. 100 C.E.
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS
7. Late Antiquity, 250-600
7-1 Saint Ambrose of Milan, Emperor Theodosius Brought to Heel, 390
7-2 Saint Benedict of Nursia, The Rule of Saint Benedict, 529
7-3 Saint Augustine, City of God: The Two Cities, 413-426
7-4 Gregory of Tours, The History of the Franks, 594
| VIEWPOINTS: THE CHARACTER OF AN EMPEROR
| 7-5 Justinian, The Institutes of Justinian, 529-533
| 7-6 Procopius, The Secret History: Justice for Sale, ca. 550
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS
8. Europe in the Early Middle Ages, 600-1000
8-1 Ibn Abd-el-Hakem, The Conquest of Spain, ca. 870
8-2 Willibald, Saint Boniface Destroys the Oak of Thor, ca. 750
| VIEWPOINTS: RELIGION AND EMPIRE
| 8-3 Einhard, Life of Charlemagne, ca. 835
| 8-4 A Russian Chronicle of Religious Competition in Kievan Rus, ca. 1100
8-5 The Song of Roland, ca. 1100-1300
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS
9. State and Church in the High Middle Ages, 1000-1300
| VIEWPOINTS: IMPERIAL REPRESENTATIONS
| 9-1 Otto III of the Holy Roman Empire, ca. 1000
| 9-2 Otto IV and Innocent III, ca. 1209
9-3 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: William the Conqueror and the Domesday Book, 1086
9-4 King John of England, From Magna Carta: The Great Charter of Liberties, 1215
9-5 Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV, Mutual Recriminations: The Investiture Controversy Begins, 1076
9-6 Robert the Monk of Rheims, Urban II at the Council of Clermont: A Call for Crusade, ca. 1120
9-7 Anna Comnena, The Alexiad, ca. 1148
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS
10. The Life of the People in the High Middle Ages, 1000-1300
10-1 Manorial Records of Bernehorne, 1307
10-2 On Laborers: A Dialogue Between Teacher and Student, ca. 1000
| VIEWPOINTS: CHRISTIANS, JEWS, AND MUSLIMS IN CONTACT
| 10-3 Fulcher of Chartres, Christians Far from Home, ca. 1100
| 10-4 Usamah Ibn Munqidh, Observations on the Franks, ca. 1175
| 10-5 Benjamin of Tudela, A Jewish Travel Journal, ca. 1173
10-6 Duke William of Aquitaine, On the Foundation of Cluny, 909
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS
11. The Creativity and Challenges of Medieval Cities, 1100-1300
| VIEWPOINTS: LIVING AND WORKING IN A MEDIEVAL CITY
| 11-1 The Charter of the Laon Commune, 1328
| 11-2 The Ordinances of London's Leatherworkers, 1346
| 11-3 The Commune of Florence, A Sumptuary Law: Restrictions on Dress, 1373
11-4 Saint Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica: Proof of the Existence of God, 1268
11-5 Marie de France, The Nightingale, ca. 1200
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS
12. The Crisis of the Later Middle Ages, 1300-1450
12-1 Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron: The Plague Hits Florence, ca. 1350
12-2 The Anonimalle Chronicle: The English Peasants' Revolt, 1381
12-3 Petrarca-Meister, The Social Order, ca. 1500
12-4 Jean Froissart, The Sack of Limoges: On Warfare Without Chivalry, ca. 1400
| VIEWPOINTS: WOMEN AND POWER
| 12-5 Catherine of Siena, Letter to Gregory XI, 1372
| 12-6 Joan of Arc, Letter to the English, 1431
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS
13. European Society in the Age of the Renaissance, 1350-1550
13-1 Petrarch, Letter to Livy, ca. 1350
| VIEWPOINTS: THE RENAISSANCE STATE
| 13-2 Leonardo Bruni, Panegyric to Florence, ca. 1403
| 13-3 Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince: Power Politics During the Italian Renaissance, 1513
| 13-4 Baldassare Castiglioni, The Book of the Courtier: The Ideal Courtier, 1528
13-5 Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies: Against Those Men Who Claim It Is Not Good for Women to Be Educated, 1404
13-6 Account of an Italian Jew Expelled from Spain, 1492
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS
14. Reformations and Religious Wars, 1500-1600
14-1 Martin Luther, Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences, 1517
14-2 Hans Holbein the Younger, Luther as the German Hercules, ca. 1519
| VIEWPOINTS: WOMEN AND MARRIAGE
| 14-3 Katharina Schutz Zell, Apologia for Master Matthew Zell: Clerical Marriage, 1524
| 14-4 Jeanne de Jussie, The Short Chronicle: Defending the Convent, ca. 1530
14-5 Nicholas de la Fontaine, The Trial of Michael Servetus in Calvin's Geneva, 1553
14-6 Ignatius of Loyola, Rules for Right Thinking, 1548
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS
15. European Exploration and Conquest, 1450-1650
15-1 Ducas, Historia Turcobyzantia: The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans, ca. 1465
15-2 Hernando Cortés, Two Letters to Charles V: On the Conquest of the Aztecs, 1521
| VIEWPOINTS: THE SLAVE TRADE IN AFRICA
| 15-3 Alvise da Ca' da Mosto, Description of Capo Bianco and the Islands Nearest to It: Fifteenth-Century Slave Trade in West Africa, 1455-1456
| 15-4 King Nzinga Mbemba Affonso of Congo, Letters on the Slave Trade, 1526
15-5 Saint Francis Xavier, Missionaries in Japan, 1552
15-6 Michel de Montaigne, Of Cannibals, 1580
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS
16. Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Europe, ca. 1589-1725
16-1 Henry IV, Edict of Nantes: Limited Toleration for the Huguenots, 1598
16-2 Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture, 1679
16-3 Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Memoir on Finances, 1670
16-4 Peter the Great, Edicts and Decrees: Imposing Western Styles on the Russians, 1699-1723
| VIEWPOINTS: THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE STATE OF NATURE
| 16-5 Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, 1651
| 16-6 John Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Government: Vindication for the Glorious Revolution, 1690
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS
17. Toward a New Worldview, 1540-1789
17-1 Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1542
17-2 Francis Bacon, On Superstition and the Virtue of Science, 1620
| VIEWPOINTS: MONARCHICAL POWER AND RESPONSIBILITY
| 17-3 Frederick the Great, Essay on the Forms of Government, ca. 1740
| 17-4 Baron de Montesquieu, From The Spirit of Laws: On the Separation of Governmental Powers, 1748
17-5 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract: On Popular Sovereignty and the General Will, 1762
17-6 Marquis de Condorcet, Outlines of an Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, 1793-1794
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS