CHAPTER 1 Early Western Civilization 400,000-1000 b.c.e. From the Stone Age to Mesopotamian Civilization, 400,000-1000 b.c.e. Life and Change in the Stone Age The Emergence of Cities in Mesopotamia, 4000-2350 b.c.e. Metals and Empire Making: The Akkadians and the Ur III Dynasty, c. 2350-c. 2000 b.c.e. The Achievements of the Assyrians, the Babylonians, and the Canaanites, 2000-1000 b.c.e. Egypt, the First Unified Country, 3050-1000 b.c.e. From the Unification of Egypt to the Old Kingdom, 3050-2190 b.c.e. The Middle and New Kingdoms in Egypt, 2061-1081 b.c.e. The Hittites, the Minoans, and the Mycenaeans, 2200-1000 b.c.e. The Hittites, 1750-1200 b.c.e. The Minoans, 2200-1400 b.c.e. The Mycenaeans, 1800-1000 b.c.e. The Violent End to Early Western Civilization, 1200-1000 b.c.e.
CHAPTER 2 Empires in the Near East and the Reemergence of Civilization in Greece 1000-500 b.c.e. From Dark Age to Empire in the Near East, 1000-500 b.c.e. The New Empire of Assyria, 900-600 b.c.e. The Neo-Babylonian Empire, 600-539 b.c.e. The Persian Empire, 557-500 b.c.e. The Israelites, Origins to 539 b.c.e. The Reemergence of Greek Civilization, 1000-750 b.c.e. The Greek Dark Age The Values of the Olympic Games Homer, Hesiod, and Divine Justice in Greek Myth The Creation of the Greek City-State, 750-500 b.c.e. The Physical Environment of the Greek City-State Trade and "Colonization," 800-580 b.c.e. Citizenship and Freedom in the Greek City-State New Directions for the Greek City-State, 750-500 b.c.e. Oligarchy in the City-State of Sparta, 700-500 b.c.e. Tyranny in the City-State of Corinth, 657-585 b.c.e. Democracy in the City-State of Athens, 632-500 b.c.e. New Ways of Thought and Expression in Greece, 630-500 b.c.e. CHAPTER 3 The Greek Golden Age c. 500-c. 400 b.c.e. Wars between Persia and Greece, 499-479 b.c.e. From the Ionian Revolt to the Battle of Marathon, 499-490 b.c.e. The Great Persian Invasion, 480-479 b.c.e. Athenian Confidence in the Golden Age, 478-431 b.c.e. The Establishment of the Athenian Empire Radical Democracy and Pericles' Leadership, 461-431 b.c.e. The Urban Landscape in Athens Tradition and Innovation in Athens's Golden Age Religious Tradition in a Period of Change Women, Slaves, and Metics Innovative Ideas in Education, Philosophy, History, and Medicine The Development of Greek Tragedy The Development of Greek Comedy The End of Athens's Golden Age, 431-403 b.c.e. The Peloponnesian War, 431-404 b.c.e. Athens Defeated: Tyranny and Civil War, 404-403 b.c.e. CHAPTER 4 From the Classical to the Hellenistic World 400-30 b.c.e. Classical Greece after the Peloponnesian War, 400-350 b.c.e. Athens's Recovery after the Peloponnesian War The Execution of Socrates, 399 b.c.e. The Philosophy of Plato Aristotle, Scientist and Philosopher Greek Political Disunity The Rise of Macedonia, 359-323 b.c.e. Macedonian Power and Philip II, 359-336 b.c.e. The Rule of Alexander the Great, 336-323 b.c.e. The Hellenistic Kingdoms, 323-30 b.c.e. Creating New Kingdoms The Layers of Hellenistic Society The End of the Hellenistic Kingdoms Hellenistic Culture The Arts under Royal Support Philosophy for a New Age Scientific Innovation Cultural and Religious Transformations CHAPTER 5 The Rise of Rome and Its Republic 753-44 b.c.e. Roman Social and Religious Traditions Roman Moral Values The Patron-Client System The Roman Family Education for Public Life Public and Private Religion From Monarchy to Republic Roman Society under the Kings, 753-509 b.c.e. The Early Roman Republic, 509-287 b.c.e. Roman Imperialism and Its Consequences Expansion in Italy, 500-220 b.c.e. Wars with Carthage and in the East, 264-121 b.c.e. Greek Influence on Roman Literature and the Arts Stresses on Society from Imperialism Civil War and the Destruction of the Republic The Gracchus Brothers and Violence in Politics, 133-121 b.c.e. Marius and the Origin of Client Armies, 107-100 b.c.e. Sulla and Civil War, 91-78 b.c.e. Julius Caesar and the Collapse of the Republic, 83-44 b.c.e. CHAPTER 6 The Creation of the Roman Empire 44 b.c.e.-284 c.e. From Republic to Empire, 44 b.c.e.-14 c.e. Civil War, 44-27 b.c.e. The Creation of the Principate, 27 b.c.e.-14 c.e. Daily Life in the Rome of Augustus Changes in Education, Literature, and Art in Augustus's Rome Politics and Society in the Early Roman Empire The Perpetuation of the Principate after Augustus, 14-180 c.e. Life in the Roman Golden Age, 96-180 c.e. The Emergence of Christianity in the Early Roman Empire Jesus and His Teachings Growth of a New Religion Competing Religious Beliefs From Stability to Crisis in the Third Century c.e. Threats to the Northern and Eastern Frontiers of the Early Roman Empire Uncontrolled Spending, Natural Disasters, and Political Crisis, 193-284 c.e. CHAPTER 7 The Transformation of the Roman Empire 284-600 c.e. From Principate to Dominate in the Late Roman Empire, 284-395 The Political Transformation and Division of the Roman Empire The Social Consequences of Financial Pressures From the Great Persecution to Religious Freedom The Official Christianization of the Empire, 312-c. 540 Polytheism and Christianity in Competition The Struggle for Clarification in Christian Belief The Emergence of Christian Monks Non-Roman Kingdoms in the Western Roman Empire, c. 370-550s Non-Roman Migrations into the Western Roman Empire Social and Cultural Transformation in the Western Roman Empire The Roman Empire in the East, c. 500-565 Imperial Society in the Eastern Roman Empire The Reign of Emperor Justinian, 527-565 The Preservation of Classical Traditions in the Late Roman Empire CHAPTER 8 The Heirs of Rome: Islam, Byzantium, and Europe 600-750 Islam: A New Religion and a New Empire Nomads and City Dwellers The Prophet Muhammad and the Faith of Islam Growth of Islam, c. 610-632 The Caliphs, Muhammad's Successors, 632-750 Peace and Prosperity in Islamic Lands Byzantium Besieged Wars on the Frontiers, c. 570-750 From an Urban to a Rural Way of Life New Military and Cultural Forms Religion, Politics, and Iconoclasm Western Europe: A Medley of Kingdoms Frankish Kingdoms with Roman Roots Economic Activity in a Peasant Society The Powerful in Merovingian Society Christianity and Classical Culture in the British Isles Unity in Spain, Division in Italy Political Tensions and the Power of the Pope CHAPTER 9 From Centralization to Fragmentation 750-1050 The Byzantine Emperor and Local Elites Imperial Power The Macedonian Renaissance, c. 870-c. 1025 The Dynatoi: A New Landowning Elite The Formation of Eastern Europe and Kievan Rus The Rise and Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate The Abbasid Caliphate, 750-936 Regional Diversity in Islamic Lands Unity of Commerce and Language The Islamic Renaissance, c. 790-c. 1050 The Carolingian Empire The Rise of the Carolingians Charlemagne and His Kingdom, 768-814 The Carolingian Renaissance, c. 790-c. 900 Charlemagne's Successors, 814-911 Land and Power Viking, Muslim, and Magyar Invasions, c. 790-955 After the Carolingians: The Emergence of Local Rule Public Power and Private Relationships Warriors and Warfare Efforts to Contain Violence Political Communities in Italy, England, and France Emperors and Kings in Central and Eastern Europe CHAPTER 10 Commercial Quickening and Religious Reform 1050-1150 The Commercial Revolution Fairs, Towns, and Cities Organizing Crafts and Commerce Communes: Self-Government for the Towns The Commercial Revolution in the Countryside Church Reform Beginnings of Reform The Gregorian Reform and the Investiture Conflict, 1075-1122 The Sweep of Reform New Monastic Orders of Poverty The Crusades Calling the Crusade The First Crusade The Crusader States The Disastrous Second Crusade The Long-Term Impact of the Crusades The Revival of Monarchies Reconstructing the Empire at Byzantium England under Norman Rule Praising the King of France Surviving as Emperor CHAPTER 11 The Flowering of the Middle Ages 1150-1215 New Schools and Churches The New Learning and the Rise of the University Architectural Style: From Romanesque to Gothic Governments as Institutions England: Unity through Common Law France: Consolidation and Conquest Germany: The Revived Monarchy of Frederick Barbarossa Eastern Europe and Byzantium: Fragmenting Realms The Growth of a Vernacular High Culture The Troubadours: Poets of Love and Play The Birth of Epic and Romance Literature Religious Fervor and Crusade New Religious Orders in the Cities Disastrous Crusades to the Holy Land Victorious Crusades in Europe and on Its Frontiers CHAPTER 12 The Medieval Synthesis—and Its Cracks 1215-1340 The Church's Mission Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council The Inquisition Lay Piety Jews and Lepers as Outcasts Reconciling This World and the Next The Achievement of Scholasticism New Syntheses in Writing and Music Gothic Art The Politics of Control The Weakening of the Empire Louis IX and a New Ideal of Kingship The Birth of Representative Institutions The Weakening of the Papacy The Rise of the Signori The Mongol Takeover The Great Famine CHAPTER 13 Crisis and Renaissance 1340-1492 Crisis: Disease, War, and Schism The Black Death, 1347-1352 The Hundred Years' War, 1337-1453 The Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople, 1453 The Great Schism, 1378-1417 The Renaissance: New Forms of Thought and Expression Renaissance Humanism The Arts Consolidating Power New Political Formations in Eastern Europe Powerful States in Western Europe Power in the Republics The Tools of Power CHAPTER 14 Global Encounters and the Shock of the Reformation 1492-1560 The Discovery of New Worlds Portuguese Explorations The Voyages of Columbus A New Era in Slavery Conquering the New World The Columbian Exchange The Protestant Reformation The Invention of Printing Popular Piety and Christian Humanism Martin Luther's Challenge Protestantism Spreads and Divides The Contested Church of England Reshaping Society through Religion Protestant Challenges to the Social Order New Forms of Discipline Catholic Renewal Striving for Mastery Courtiers and Princes Dynastic Wars Financing War Divided Realms CHAPTER 15 Wars of Religion and the Clash of Worldviews 1560-1648 Religious Conflicts Threaten State Power, 1560-1618 French Wars of Religion, 1562-1598 Dutch Revolt against Spain Elizabeth I's Defense of English Protestantism The Clash of Faiths and Empires in Eastern Europe The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 Origins and Course of the War The Effects of Constant Fighting The Peace of Westphalia, 1648 Economic Crisis and Realignment From Growth to Recession Consequences for Daily Life The Economic Balance of Power The Rise of Science and a Scientific Worldview The Scientific Revolution The Natural Laws of Politics The Arts in an Age of Crisis Magic and Witchcraft CHAPTER 16 Absolutism, Constitutionalism, and the Search for Order 1640-1700 Louis XIV: Absolutism and Its Limits The Fronde, 1648-1653 Court Culture as an Element of Absolutism Enforcing Religious Orthodoxy Extending State Authority at Home and Abroad Constitutionalism in England England Turned Upside Down, 1642-1660 Restoration and Revolution Again Social Contract Theory: Hobbes and Locke Outposts of Constitutionalism The Dutch Republic Freedom and Slavery in the New World Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe Poland-Lithuania Overwhelmed Brandenburg-Prussia: Militaristic Absolutism An Uneasy Balance: Austrian Habsburgs and Ottoman Turks Russia: Setting the Foundations of Bureaucratic Absolutism The Search for Order in Elite and Popular Culture Freedom and Constraint in the Arts and Sciences Women and Manners Reforming Popular Culture CHAPTER 17 The Atlantic System and Its Consequences 1700-1750 The Atlantic System and the World Economy Slavery and the Atlantic System World Trade and Settlement The Birth of Consumer Society New Social and Cultural Patterns Agricultural Revolution Social Life in the Cities New Tastes in the Arts Religious Revivals Consolidation of the European State System A New Power Alignment British Rise and Dutch Decline Russia's Emergence as a European Power Continuing Dynastic Struggles The Power of Diplomacy and the Importance of Population The Birth of the Enlightenment Popularization of Science and Challenges to Religion Travel Literature and the Challenge to Custom and Tradition Raising the Woman Question
CHAPTER 18
The Promise of Enlightenment
1750-1789 The Enlightenment at Its Height Men and Women of the Republic of Letters Conflicts with Church and State The Individual and Society Spreading the Enlightenment The Limits of Reason: Roots of Romanticism and Religious Revival Society and Culture in an Age of Enlightenment The Nobility's Reassertion of Privilege The Middle Class and the Making of a New Elite Life on the Margins State Power in an Era of Reform War and Diplomacy State-Sponsored Reform Limits of Reform Rebellions against State Power Food Riots and Peasant Uprisings Public Opinion and Political Opposition Revolution in North America CHAPTER 19
The Cataclysm of Revolution
1789-1799 The Revolutionary Wave, 1787-1789 Protesters in the Low Countries and Poland Origins of the French Revolution, 1787-1789 From Monarchy to Republic, 1789-1793 The Revolution of Rights and Reason The End of Monarchy Terror and Resistance Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety The Republic of Virtue, 1793-1794 Resisting the Revolution The Fall of Robespierre and the End of the Terror Revolution on the March Arms and Conquests Poland Extinguished, 1793-1795 Revolution in the Colonies Worldwide Reactions to Revolutionary Change CHAPTER 20
Napoleon and the Revolutionary Legacy
1800-1830 The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte A General Takes Over From Republic to Empire The New Paternalism: The Civil Code Patronage of Science and Intellectual Life "Europe Was at My Feet": Napoleon's Conquests The Grand Army and Its Victories, 1800-1807 The Impact of French Victories From Russian Winter to Final Defeat, 1812-1815 The "Restoration" of Europe The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815 The Emergence of Conservatism The Revival of Religion Challenges to the Conservative Order Romanticism Political Revolts in the 1820s Revolution and Reform, 1830-1832 CHAPTER 21
Industrialization and Social Ferment
1830-1850 The Industrial Revolution Roots of Industrialization Engines of Change Urbanization and Its Consequences Agricultural Perils and Prosperity Reforming the Social Order Cultural Responses to the Social Question The Varieties of Social Reform Abuses and Reforms Overseas Ideologies and Political Movements The Spell of Nationalism Liberalism in Economics and Politics Socialism and the Early Labor Movement The Revolutions of 1848 The Hungry Forties Another French Revolution Nationalist Revolution in Italy Revolt and Reaction in Central Europe Aftermath to 1848: Reimposing Authority CHAPTER 22 Politics and Culture of the Nation-State
1850-1870 The End of the Concert of Europe Napoleon III and the Quest for French Glory The Crimean War, 1853-1856: Turning Point in European Affairs Reform in Russia War and Nation Building Cavour, Garibaldi, and the Process of Italian Unification Bismarck and the Realpolitik of German Unification Francis Joseph and the Creation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Political Stability through Gradual Reform in Great Britain Nation Building in North America Nation Building through Social Order Bringing Order to the Cities Expanding Government Bureaucracy Schooling and Professionalizing Society Spreading National Power and Order beyond the West Contesting the Nation-State's Order at Home The Culture of Social Order The Arts Confront Social Reality Religion and National Order From the Natural Sciences to Social Science CHAPTER 23
Empire, Industry, and Everyday Life
1870-1890 The New Imperialism The Scramble for Africa—North and South Acquiring Territory in Asia Japan's Imperial Agenda The Paradoxes of Imperialism The Industry of Empire Industrial Innovation Facing Economic Crisis Revolution in Business Practices Imperial Society and Culture The "Best Circles" and the Expanding Middle Class Working People's Strategies National Fitness: Reform, Sports, and Leisure Artistic Responses to Empire and Industry The Birth of Mass Politics Workers, Politics, and Protest Expanding Political Participation in Western Europe Power Politics in Central and Eastern Europe CHAPTER 24
Modernity and the Road to War
1890-1914 Public Debate over Private Life Population Pressure Reforming Marriage New Women, New Men, and the Politics of Sexual Identity Sciences of the Modern Self Modernity and the Revolt in Ideas The Opposition to Positivism The Revolution in Science Modern Art The Revolt in Music and Dance Growing Tensions in Mass Politics The Expanding Power of Labor Rights for Women and the Battle for Suffrage Liberalism Tested Anti-Semitism, Nationalism, and Zionism in Mass Politics European Imperialism Challenged The Trials of Empire The Russian Empire Threatened Growing Resistance to Colonial Domination Roads to War Competing Alliances and Clashing Ambitions The Race to Arms 1914: War Erupts
CHAPTER 25
World War I and Its Aftermath
1914-1929 The Great War, 1914-1918 Blueprints for War The Battlefronts The Home Front Protest, Revolution, and War's End, 1917-1918 War Protest Revolution in Russia Ending the War, 1918 The Search for Peace in an Era of Revolution Europe in Turmoil The Paris Peace Conference, 1919-1920 Economic and Diplomatic Consequences of the Peace A Decade of Recovery: Europe in the 1920s Changes in the Political Landscape Reconstructing the Economy Restoring Society Mass Culture and the Rise of Modern Dictators Culture for the Masses Cultural Debates over the Future The Communist Utopia Fascism on the March in Italy CHAPTER 26
The Great Depression and World War II
1929-1945 The Great Depression Economic Disaster Strikes Social Effects of the Depression The Great Depression beyond the West Totalitarian Triumph The Rise of Stalinism Hitler's Rise to Power The Nazification of German Politics Nazi Racism Democracies on the Defensive Confronting the Economic Crisis Cultural Visions in Hard Times The Road to Global War A Surge in Global Imperialism The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 Hitler's Conquest of Central Europe, 1938-1939 World War II, 1939-1945 The German Onslaught War Expands: The Pacific and Beyond The War against Civilians Societies at War From Resistance to Allied Victory An Uneasy Postwar Settlement CHAPTER 27
The Cold War and the Remaking of Europe
1945-1960s World Politics Transformed Chaos in Europe New Superpowers: The United States and the Soviet Union Origins of the Cold War The Division of Germany Political and Economic Recovery in Europe Dealing with Nazism Rebirth of the West The Welfare State: Common Ground East and West Recovery in the East Decolonization in a Cold War Climate The End of Empire in Asia The Struggle for Identity in the Middle East New Nations in Africa Newcomers Arrive in Europe Daily Life and Culture in the Shadow of Nuclear War Restoring "Western" Values Cold War Consumerism and Shifting Gender Norms The Culture of Cold War The Atomic Brink CHAPTER 28
Postindustrial Society and the End of the Cold War Order
1960s-1989 The Revolution in Technology The Information Age: Television and Computers The Space Age The Nuclear Age Revolutions in Biology and Reproductive Technology Postindustrial Society and Culture Multinational Corporations The New Worker The Boom in Education and Research Changing Family Life and the Generation Gap Art, Ideas, and Religion in a Technocratic Society Protesting Cold War Conditions Cracks in the Cold War Order The Growth of Citizen Activism 1968: Year of Crisis The Testing of Superpower Domination and the End of the Cold War A Changing Balance of World Power The Western Bloc Meets Challenges with Reform Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Bloc CHAPTER 29
A New Globalism
1989 to the Present Collapse of the Soviet Union and Its Aftermath The Breakup of Yugoslavia The Soviet Union Comes Apart Toward a Market Economy International Politics and the New Russia The Nation-State in a Global Age Europe Looks beyond the Nation-State Globalizing Cities and Fragmenting Nations Global Organizations An Interconnected World's New Challenges The Problems of Pollution Population, Health, and Disease North versus South? Radical Islam Meets the West The Promise and Problems of a World Economy Global Culture and Society in the Twenty-first Century Redefining the West: The Impact of Global Migration Global Networks and Social Change A New Global Culture?