*new to the second editionContents Resources for Reading and Writing about Literature Preface for Instructors INTRODUCTION: READING IMAGINATIVE LITERATUREThe Nature of Literature EMILY DICKINSON, A narrow Fellow in the Grass The Value of Literature The Changing Literary Canon FICTION The Elements of Fiction 1. Reading Fiction Reading Fiction Responsively KATE CHOPIN, The Story of an Hour A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of "The Story of an Hour" A SAMPLE PAPER: Differences in Responses to Kate Chopin’s "The Story of an Hour" Explorations and Formulas A COMPARISON OF TWO STORIES KAREN VAN DER ZEE, From A Secret Sorrow GAIL GODWIN, A Sorrowful Woman 2. Plot EDGAR RICE BURROUGHS, From Tarzan of the Apes WILLIAM FAULKNER, A Rose for Emily *ANDRE DUBUS, Killings3. Character CHARLES DICKENS, From Hard Times MAY-LEE CHAI, Saving Sourdi *JUNOT DIAZ, How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or HalfieHERMAN MELVILLE, Bartleby, the Scrivener 4. Setting ERNEST HEMINGWAY, Soldier’s Home FAY WELDON, IND AFF, or Out of Love in Sarajevo *MURIEL SPARK, The First Year of My Life5. Point of View Third-Person Narrator First-Person Narrator JOHN UPDIKE, A & P *e-Page: Listen to John Updike reading A & P*DAVID UPDIKE, Summer*MAGGIE MITCHELL, It Would Be Different If 6. Symbolism *TOBIAS WOLFF, That Room RALPH ELLISON, Battle Royal PETER MEINKE, The Cranes7. Theme STEPHEN CRANE, The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky *EDGAR ALLAN POE, The Cask of Amontillado*JOYCE CAROL OATES, Hi Howya Doin’*DAGOBERTO GILB, Romero’s Shirt 8. Style, Tone, and Irony Style Tone Irony RAYMOND CARVER, Popular Mechanics SUSAN MINOT, Lust *RICK MOODY, BoysFiction in Depth 9. A Study of Flannery O’Connor A Brief Biography and Introduction FLANNERY O’CONNOR, A Good Man Is Hard to Find *e-Page: Listen to Flannery O’Connor reading A Good Man Is Hard to Find PERSPECTIVES ON O’CONNOR FLANNERY O’CONNOR, On the Use of Exaggeration and Distortion JOSEPHINE HENDIN, On O’Connor’s Refusal to "Do Pretty" CLAIRE KATZ, The Function of Violence in O’Connor’s Fiction TIME MAGAZINE, On "A Good Man is Hard to Find" *10. A Study of Dagoberto Gilb: The Author Reflects on Three Stories*A Brief Biography and An Introduction to His Work*INTRODUCTION: DAGOBERTO GILB, How Books Bounce*ESSAY: DAGOBERTO GILB, On Writing Love in L.A.STORY: DAGOBERTO GILB: Love in L.A.*ESSAY: DAGOBERTO GILB, On Writing Shout*STORY: DAGOBERTO GILB: Shout*ESSAY: DAGOBERTO GILB, On Writing Uncle Rock*STORY: DAGOBERTO GILB, Uncle Rock*PERSPECTIVES *DAGOBERTO GILB, On Physical Labor *DAGOBERTO GILB, On Distortions of Mexican American CultureMichael Meyer Interviews Dagoberto Gilb*FACSIMILIES: Two Draft Manuscript Pages*Suggested Topics for Longer PapersA Collection of Stories 11. Stories for Further Reading NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, The Birthmark*ZORA NEALE HURSTON, Spunk JAMES JOYCE, Eveline*e-Page: Listen to Gabriel Byrne reading James Joyce’s EvelineJAMAICA KINCAID, Girl*e-Page: Listen to Jamaica Kincaid reading GirlANNIE PROULX, 55 Miles to the Gas Pump*e-Page: Listen to Campbell Scott and Frances Fisher reading Annie Proulx’s 55 Miles to the Gas PumpMARK TWAIN, The Story of the Good Little BoyPOETRY THE ELEMENTS OF POETRY12. Reading Poetry Reading Poetry Responsively LISA PARKER, Snapping Beans ROBERT HAYDEN, Those Winter Sundays JOHN UPDIKE, Dog’s Death The Pleasure of Words WILLIAM HATHAWAY, Oh, Oh A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of "Oh, Oh"ROBERT FRANCIS, Catch A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Tossing Metaphors Together in Robert Francis’ "Catch" PHILIP LARKIN, A Study of Reading Habits ROBERT MORGAN, Mountain Graveyard E. E. CUMMINGS, l(a ANONYMOUS, Western Wind *ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON, Crossing the BarREGINA BARRECA, Nighttime Fires *e-Page: Listen to Regina Barreca reading Nighttime Fires Suggestions for Approaching Poetry BILLY COLLINS, Introduction to Poetry Poetry in Popular Forms HELEN FARRIES, Magic of LoveJOHN FREDERICK NIMS, Love Poem *BRUCE SPRINGSTEEN, Devils & Dust Poems for Further Study *CORNELIUS EADY, The SupremesALBERTO RÍOS, Seniors LI HO, A Beautiful Girl Combs Her Hair ROBERT FROST, Design*EDGAR ALLAN POE, The RavenMARY OLIVER, The Poet with His Face in His Hands 13. Word Choice, Word Order, and Tone Word Choice Diction Denotations and ConnotationsRANDALL JARRELL, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner *e-Page: Listen to Randall Jarrell reading The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner Word Order Tone *COLETTE INEZ, Back When All Was Continuous Chuckles *MARILYN NELSON, How I Discovered Poetry KATHARYN HOWD MACHAN, Hazel Tells LaVerne *e-Page: Listen to Katharyn Howd Machan reading Hazel Tells LaVerne MARTÍN ESPADA, Latin Night at the Pawnshop PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR, To a Captious Critic Diction and Tone in Four Love Poems ROBERT HERRICK, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time ANDREW MARVELL, To His Coy Mistress *e-Page: Listen to Paul Muldoon reading Andrew Marvell’s To His Coy Mistress ANN LAUINGER, Marvell Noir SHARON OLDS, Last Night *PERSPECTIVE: Barney and Clyde, The Defenestration of FrogPoems for Further Study THOMAS HARDY, The Convergence of the Twain DAVID R. SLAVITT, Titanic *JOANNE DIAZ, On My Father’s Loss of Hearing *MARY OLIVER, Oxygen GWENDOLYN BROOKS, We Real Cool *e-Page: Listen to Gwendolyn Brooks reading We Real Cool JOAN MURRAY, We Old Dudes LOUIS SIMPSON, In the Suburbs JOHN KEATS, Ode on a Grecian Urn14. Images Poetry’s Appeal to the Senses WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS, Poem WALT WHITMAN, Cavalry Crossing a Ford *DAVID SOLWAY, Windsurfing MATTHEW ARNOLD, Dover Beach *RUTH FORMAN, Poetry Should Ride the BusPoems for Further Study AMY LOWELL, The Pond WILLIAM BLAKE, London *MARY ROBINSON, London’s Summer Morning EMILY DICKINSON, Wild Nights—Wild Nights!WILFRED OWEN, Dulce et Decorum Est *RUTH FAINLIGHT, CrocusesSALLY CROFT, Home-Baked Bread JOHN KEATS, To Autumn 15. Figures of Speech WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, From Macbeth (Act V, Scene v) Simile and Metaphor MARGARET ATWOOD, you fit into me EMILY DICKINSON, Presentiment — is that long Shadow—on the lawn— *ANNE BRADSTREET, The Author to Her Book Other Figures EDMUND CONTI, Pragmatist DYLAN THOMAS, The Hand That Signed the Paper JANICE TOWNLEY MOORE, To a Wasp J. PATRICK LEWIS, The Unkindest Cut Poems for Further Study GARY SNYDER, How Poetry Comes to Me ERNEST SLYMAN, Lightning Bugs *WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS, To Waken an Old Lady JUDY PAGE HEITZMAN, The Schoolroom on the Second Floor of the Knitting Mill *e-Page: Listen to Judy Page Heitzman reading The Schoolroom on the Second Floor of the Knitting Mill WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, London, 1802 ROBERT FROST, Fire and IceJOHN DONNE, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning *JIM STEVENS, Schizophrenia*WALT WHITMAN, A Noiseless Patient SpiderELAINE MAGARRELL, The Joy of Cooking 16. Symbol, Allegory, and Irony Symbol ROBERT FROST, Acquainted with the Night *e-Page: Listen to Robert Frost reading Acquainted with the Night Allegory EDGAR ALLAN POE, The Haunted Palace Irony EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON, Richard Cory KENNETH FEARING, AD E. E. CUMMINGS, next to of course god america i *e-Page: Listen to E.E. Cummings reading next to of course god america i STEPHEN CRANE, A Man Said to the Universe Poems for Further Study BOB HICOK, Making it in poetry KEVIN PIERCE, Proof of Origin CARL SANDBURG, Buttons *ALLEN BRADEN, The Hemlock Tree*JIM TILLEY, BoysALDEN NOWLAN, The Bull MooseJULIO MARZÁN, Ethnic Poetry *DENISE DUHAMEL, How It Will End*MARK HALLIDAY, Graded Paper ROBERT BROWNING, My Last Duchess *e-Page: Listen to Richard Howard reading Robert Browning’s My Last Duchess WILLIAM BLAKE, The Chimney Sweeper 17. Sounds Listening to Poetry JOHN UPDIKE, Player Piano MAY SWENSON, A Nosty Fright EMILY DICKINSON, A Bird came down the Walk— *ANYA KRUGOVOY SILVER, French ToastRhyme RICHARD ARMOUR, Going to Extremes ROBERT SOUTHEY, From "The Cataract of Lodore" *ANDREW HUDGINS, The CowPoems for Further Study LEWIS CARROLL (CHARLES LUTWIDGE DODGSON), Jabberwocky *DIANE LOCKWARD, LinguineEMILY DICKINSON, I heard a Fly buzz—when I died*e-Page: Listen to Robert Pinsky reading Emily Dickinson’s I heard a Fly buzz—when I diedROBERT FROST, Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening*WILLIAM HEYEN, The TrainsJOHN DONNE, Song PAUL HUMPHREY, Blow ROBERT FRANCIS, The Pitcher HELEN CHASIN, The Word Plum*RICHARD WAKEFIELD, The Bell Rope 18. Patterns of Rhythm Some Principles of Meter WALT WHITMAN, From "Song of the Open Road"WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, My Heart Leaps Up Suggestions for Scanning a Poem TIMOTHY STEELE, Waiting for the Storm WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, That the Night Come *e-Page: Listen to Samantha Eggar reading William Butler Yeats’ That the Night Come Poems for Further Study *JOHN MALONEY, Good!*WILLIAM TROWBRIDGE, Drumming Behind You in the High School BandALICE JONES, The Foot ROBERT HERRICK, Delight in Disorder BEN JONSON, Still to Be Neat WILLIAM BLAKE, The Lamb *e-Page: Listen to Brian Murray reading William Blake’s The Lamb WILLIAM BLAKE, The Tyger CARL SANDBURG, Chicago ROBERT FROST, "Out, Out—"19. Poetic Forms Some Common Poetic Forms A. E. HOUSMAN, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now ROBERT HERRICK, Upon Julia’s ClothesSonnet JOHN KEATS, On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, The World Is Too Much with Us WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? *e-Page: Listen to Sir John Gielgud reading William Shakespeare’s Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun *e-Page: Listen to Sir John Gielgud reading William Shakespeare’s My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun *R.S. GWYNN, Shakespearean SonnetMOLLY PEACOCK, DesireMARK JARMAN, Unholy Sonnet *SHERMAN ALEXIE, The Facebook SonnetVillanelle DYLAN THOMAS, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night *e-Page: Listen to Dylan Thomas reading Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night Sestina FLORENCE CASSEN MAYERS, All-American Sestina Epigram SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE, What Is an Epigram? DAVID MCCORD, Epitaph on a Waiter PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR, Theology Limerick Arthur Henry Reginald Butler, There was a young lady named Bright LAURENCE PERRINE, The limerick’s never averse Haiku MATSUO BASHO, Under cherry trees CAROLYN KIZER, After BashoSONIA SANCHEZ, c’mon man hold me Elegy *BEN JONSON, On My First Son BRENDAN GALVIN, An Evel Knievel Elegy Ode PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY, Ode to the West Wind Parody BLANCHE FARLEY, The Lover Not Taken PERSPECTIVE: ELAINE MITCHELL, Form Picture Poem MICHAEL MCFEE, In Medias Res 20. Open Form WALT WHITMAN, From "I Sing the Body Electric" *e-Page: Listen to Brian Murray reading from Walt Whitman’s I Sing the Body Electric *DAVID SHUMATE, Shooting the Horse*RICHARD HAGUE, Directions for Resisting the SAT WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS, The Red Wheelbarrow *e-Page: Listen to William Carlos Williams reading The Red Wheelbarrow *ELLEN BASS, Gate C22JULIO MARZÁN, The Translator at the Reception for Latin American Writers ANONYMOUS, The Frog*NATASHA TRETHEWEY, On Captivity *CHRISTINA GEROGIANNIS, HeadlandTATO LAVIERA, AmeRícan PETER MEINKE, The ABC of Aerobics Found Poem DONALD JUSTICE, Order in the Streets Poetry in Depth21. A Study of Billy Collins: The Author Reflects on Five Poems A Brief Biography and an Introduction to His Work INTRODUCTION: BILLY COLLINS, How Do Poems Travel?POEM: BILLY COLLINS, Osso Buco ESSAY: BILLY COLLINS, On Writing "Osso Buco" POEM: BILLY COLLINS, Nostalgia ESSAY: BILLY COLLINS, On Writing "Nostalgia" POEM: BILLY COLLINS, Questions About Angels ESSAY: BILLY COLLINS, On Writing "Questions About Angels" POEM: BILLY COLLINS, Litany ESSAY: BILLY COLLINS, On Writing "Litany" POEM: BILLY COLLINS, Building with Its Face Blown Off PERSPECTIVE: On "Building with Its Face Blown Off": Michael Meyer Interviews Billy Collins FACSIMILE: BILLY COLLINS, Draft Manuscript Page of "Busy Day"Suggested Topics for Longer Papers Questions for Writing about an Author in Depth*22. A Thematic Case Study: The World of Work *DANA GIOIA, Money*TONY HOAGLAND, America*JAN BEATTY, My Father Teaches Me to Dream*MICHAEL CHITWOOD, Men Throwing Bricks*DAVID IGNATOW, The Jobholder *JOYCE SUTPHEN, Guys Like That *MARGE PIERCY, To be of useA Collection of Poems23. Poems for Further Reading*ANONYMOUS, Bonny Barbara Allan WILLIAM BLAKE, Infant Sorrow *ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING, When our two souls stand up erect and strong ROBERT BURNS, A Red, Red Rose GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON, She Walks in Beauty LUCILLE CLIFTON, This Morning (For the Girls of Eastern High School)SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE, Kubla Khan: or, a Vision in a Dream EMILY DICKINSON, Because I could not stop For DeathJOHN DONNE, The Flea *e-Page: Listen to Richard Burton reading John Donne’s The Flea *GEORGE ELIOT (MARY ANN EVANS), In a London Drawingroom T.S. ELIOT, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock*e-Page: Listen to T.S. Eliot reading The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockROBERT FROST, Mending Wall*e-Page: Listen to Robert Frost reading Mending WallROBERT FROST, The Road Not TakenTHOMAS HARDY, Hap *FRANCES E. W. HARPER, Learning to Read GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS, Pied Beauty A. E. HOUSMAN, To an Athlete Dying Young *JULIA WARD HOWE, Battle-Hymn of the Republic LANGSTON HUGHES, Harlem*e-Page: Listen to Langston Hughes reading Harlem*GEORGIA DOUGLAS JOHNSON, Calling DreamsBEN JONSON, To Celia JOHN KEATS, La Belle Dame sans Merci *e-Page: Listen to Sir Ralph Richardson reading John Keats’ La Belle Dame sans Merci JOHN KEATS, Written in Disgust of Vulgar Superstition EMMA LAZARUS, The New Colossus *AMY LOWELL, A Decade*JILL MCDONOUGH, Accident, Mass. Ave.*CLAUDE MCKAY, The LynchingJOHN MILTON, When I consider how my light is spent *e-Page: Listen to Robert Speaight reading John Milton’s When I consider how my light is spent CHRISTINA GEORGINA ROSSETTI, Some Ladies Dress in Muslin Full and White WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, That time of year thou mayst in me behold WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men’s eyes PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY, Ozymandias *LYDIA HUNTLEY SIGOURNEY, Indian Names ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON, Ulysses WALT WHITMAN, When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, The Solitary Reaper WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, Mutability WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, Leda and the Swan DRAMA The Study of Drama 24. Reading Drama Reading Drama Responsively SUSAN GLASPELL, Trifles *e-Page: Listen to Jeanie Hackett, Amy Madigan, Sam McMurray, Steven Vinovich, and Steven Weber reading Susan Glaspell’s Trifles A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of Trifles Elements of Drama JOAN ACKERMANN, Quiet Torrential SoundDrama in Popular Forms LARRY DAVID, "The Pitch," a Seinfeld Episode 25. Sophocles and Greek DramaTheatrical Conventions of Greek Drama Tragedy SOPHOCLES, Oedipus the King (Translated by Robert Fagles) 26. William Shakespeare and Elizabethan DramaShakespeare’s Theater The Range of Shakespeare’s Drama: History, Comedy, and Tragedy A Note on Reading ShakespeareWILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Othello, The Moor of Venice*e-Page: Listen to Chicago’s Shakespeare Repertory reading a scene from William Shakespeare’s Othello, The Moor of Venice27. Henrik Ibsen and Modern Drama Realism Theatrical Conventions of Modern Drama HENRIK IBSEN, A Doll House (Translated by Rolf Fjelde) 28. A Collection of Short Plays*MICHAEL HOLLINGER, Naked Lunch SHARON E. COOPER, Mistaken Identity*ANDREW BISS, What’s the Meta?DAVID HENRY HWANG, Trying to Find Chinatown*DAVID IVES, The BlizzardJANE MARTIN, RodeoJANE ANDERSON, The ReprimandCRITICAL THINKING AND WRITING 29. Reading and the Writing Process The Purpose and Value of Writing about LiteratureReading the Work CloselyAnnotating the Text and Journal Note Taking Annotated Text Journal NoteChoosing a TopicDeveloping a ThesisArguing about LiteratureOrganizing a PaperWriting a Draft Writing the Introduction and Conclusion Using QuotationsRevising and Editing QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: A REVISION CHECKLISTTypes of Writing Assignments30. Writing about FictionFrom Reading to Writing QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIVE READING AND WRITINGAnalysis A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: John Updike’s "A&P" as a State of Mind31. Writing about PoetryFrom Reading to Writing QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIVE READING AND WRITING ExplicationA SAMPLE PAPER-IN-PROGRESS Mapping the Poem JOHN DONNE, Death Be Not Proud Asking Questions about the Elements A SAMPLE FIRST RESPONSE: First Response to John Donne’s "Death Be Not Proud" Organizing Your Thoughts A SAMPLE INFORMAL OUTLINE: Proposed Outline for Paper on John Donne’s "Death Be Not Proud" The Elements and Theme FINAL PAPER: A SAMPLE EXPLICATION The Use of Conventional Metaphors for Death in John Donne’s "Death Be Not Proud"A SAMPLE STUDENT EXPLICATION EMILY DICKINSON, There’s a certain Slant of light A Reading of Emily Dickinson’s "There’s a certain Slant of light" 32. Writing about DramaFrom Reading to Writing QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIVE READING AND WRITINGComparison and Contrast*A SAMPLE STUDENT COMPARISON: The Struggle for Women’s Self-Definition in Ibsen’s A Doll House and James Joyce’s Eveline33. The Literary Research Paper Choosing a Topic Finding Sources Electronic Sources Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes Developing a Thesis and Organizing the Paper Revising Documenting Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism The List of Works Cited Parenthetical References A SAMPLE STUDENT RESEARCH PAPER: How William Faulkner’s Narrator Cultivates a Rose for Emily Glossary of Literary TermsIndex of First Lines Index of Authors and Titles Index of Terms