Chapter 1
Origins
ca. 400,000-1100 B.C.E.
Understanding Western History
Describing the West
What Is Western Civilization, and Why?
From Caves to Towns
Paleolithic Life
Neolithic Life
Mesopotamian Civilization
Environment and Mesopotamian Development
The Invention of Writing and the First Schools
Mesopotamian Thought and Religion
Sumerian Social and Gender Divisions
The Spread of Mesopotamian Culture
The Triumph of Babylon
Life Under Hammurabi
Egypt, the Land of the Pharaohs, 3100-1200 B.C.E.
The God-King of Egypt
The Life of the Pharaoh's People
The Hyksos in Egypt
The New Kingdom: Revival and Empire
The Hittites and the End of an Era, ca. 1640-1100 B.C.E.
The Rise of the Hittites
The Fall of Empires and the Survival of Cultures
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: The Iceman
Listening to the Past: Gilgamesh's Quest for Immortality
Individuals in Society: Nefertiti, the “Great Wife”
Chapter 2
Small Kingdoms and Mighty Empires in the Near East
ca. 1100-513 B.C.E.
Disruption and Diffusion
The End of Egyptian Power
The Rise of Phoenicia
The Children of Israel
The Hebrew State
The Evolution of Jewish Religion
The Lives of the Hebrews
Assyria, the Military Monarchy
The Power of Assyria
Assyrian Rule and Culture
The Neo-Babylonian Empire
The Empire of the Persian Kings
The Land of the Medes and Persians
The Rise of the Persian Empire
Persian Religion
Persian Art and Culture
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: Assyrian Palace Life and Power
Listening to the Past: The Covenant Between Yahweh and the Hebrews
Individuals in Society: Cyrus the Great
Chapter 3
The Development of Classical Greece
ca. 2000-338 B.C.E.
Hellas: The Land
The Minoans and Mycenaeans
Homer, Hesiod, and the Epic
The Polis
Origins of the Polis
Governing Structures
The Archaic Age, 800-500 B.C.E.
Overseas Expansion
The Growth of Sparta
The Evolution of Athens
The Classical Period, 500-338 B.C.E.
The Persian Wars
Growth of the Athenian Empire
The Peloponnesian War
Athenian Arts in the Age of Pericles
Daily Life in Periclean Athens
Gender and Sexuality
Greek Religion
The Flowering of Philosophy
The Final Act
The Struggle for Hegemony
Philip II and Macedonian Supremacy
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: Triremes and Their Crews
Listening to the Past: Thucydides on the Great Plague at Athens, 430 B.C.E.
Individuals in Society: Aspasia
Chapter 4
The Hellenistic World
336-30 B.C.E.
Alexander and the Great Crusade
Alexander's Legacy
From Hellenic to Hellenistic
The Political Legacy
The Cultural Legacy
The Spread of Hellenism
Cities and Kingdoms
The Lives of the Greeks in the East
Greeks and Easterners
The Economic Scope of the Hellenistic World
Agriculture and Industry
Commerce
Religion and Hellenistic Intellectual Advances
Religion in the Hellenistic World
Hellenism and the Jews
Philosophy and the People
Hellenistic Science
Hellenistic Medicine
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past: Alexander's Prayer to Establish a Brotherhood of Man
Living in the Past: Farming in the Hellenistic World
Individuals in Society: Archimedes, Scientist and Inventor
Chapter 5
The Rise of Rome
ca. 750-31 B.C.E.
The Land and Its Early Settlers
The Geography of Italy
The Etruscans and the Roman Settlement of Italy
The Roman Conquest of Italy
The Roman Republic
The Roman State
The Struggle of the Orders
Roman Expansion
Italy Becomes Roman
The Age of Conquest
The Punic Wars
Rome Turns East
Traditional Life and Greek Influences
Marcus Cato: The Traditional Ideal
Scipio Aemilianus: Greek Culture and Urban Life
The Late Republic
Unrest in Rome and Italy
Civil War
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: Roman Table Manners
Listening to the Past: Cicero and the Plot to Kill Caesar
Individuals in Society: Queen Cleopatra
Chapter 6
The Pax Romana
31 B.C.E.-284 C.E.
Augustus's Settlement, 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.
The Principate and the Restored Republic
Administration of the Provinces
Roman Expansion into Northern and Western Europe
The Flowering of Latin Literature
Social Changes
The Legacy of Augustus
Augustus's Successors
The Julio-Claudians and the Flavians
The Age of the Five Good Emperors
Life in the Golden Age
Life in Imperial Rome
Provincial Life
The Coming of Christianity
Unrest in Judaea
The Life and Teachings of Jesus
The Spread of Christianity
The Appeal of Christianity
Christians and Pagans
The Empire in Disarray, 235-284 C.E.
Civil Wars and Foreign Invasions
Turmoil in Farm and Village Life
The Crisis of the Third Century
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past: Augustus's Res Gestae
Living in the Past: Roman Tombstone Epitaphs: Death Remembers Life
Individuals in Society: Bithus, a Typical Roman Soldier
CHAPTER 7
Late Antiquity
250-600
Reconstruction Under Diocletian and Constantine
Political Measures
Economic Issues
The Acceptance of Christianity
The Growth of the Christian Church
The Church and Its Leaders
The Development of Christian Monasticism
Monastery Life
Christianity and Classical Culture
Christian Notions of Gender and Sexuality
Saint Augustine on Human Nature, Will, and Sin
Barbarian Society
Social and Economic Structures
Chiefs and Warriors
Barbarian Law
Barbarian Religion
Barbarian Migrations and Political Change
Celtic and Germanic People in Gaul and Britain
Visigoths and Huns
Barbarian Kingdoms and the End of the Roman Empire
Christian Missionaries and Conversion
Missionaries' Actions
The Process of Conversion
The Byzantine Empire
Sources of Byzantine Strength
The Law Code of Justinian
Byzantine Intellectual Life
The Orthodox Church
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: The Horses of Spain
Listening to the Past: Gregory of Tours on theConversion of Clovis
Individuals in Society: Theodora of Constantinople
CHAPTER 8
Europe in the Early Middle Ages
600-1000
The Spread of Islam
The Arabs
The Prophet Muhammad
The Teachings and Expansion of Islam
Life in Muslim Spain
Muslim-Christian Relations
Science and Medicine
Frankish Rulers and Their Territories
The Merovingians
The Rise of the Carolingians
The Warrior-Ruler Charlemagne
Carolingian Government and Society
The Imperial Coronation of Charlemagne
Early Medieval Culture
The Carolingian Renaissance
Scholarship and Religious Life in Northumbria
Invasions and Migrations
Vikings in Western Europe
Slavs and Vikings in Eastern Europe
Magyars and Muslims
Political and Economic Decentralization
Decentralization and the Origins of “Feudalism”
Manorialism, Serfdom, and the Slave Trade
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: Muslim Technology: Advances in Papermaking
Individuals in Society: The Venerable Bede
Listening to the Past: Eirik's Saga
CHAPTER 9
State and Church in the High Middle Ages
1000-1300
Political Revival and the Origins of the Modern State
England
France
Central Europe
Sicily
The Iberian Peninsula
Law and Justice
Local Laws and Royal Courts
King Versus Archbishop
The Magna Carta
Law in Everyday Life
The Papacy
The Gregorian Reforms
Emperor Versus Pope
The Popes and Church Law
The Crusades
Background and Motives
The Course of the Crusades
Crusades Within Europe
Consequences of the Crusades
The Expansion of Christianity
Northern Europe
Eastern Europe
Christendom
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: Life in an English Castle
Listening to the Past: An Arab View of the Crusades
Individuals in Society: The Jews of Speyer
CHAPTER 10
The Life of the People in the High Middle Ages
1000-1300
Village Life
Slavery, Serfdom, and Upward Mobility
The Manor
Work
Home Life and Diet
Health Care
Childbirth and Child Abandonment
Popular Religion
Christian Life in Medieval Villages
Saints and Sacraments
Muslims and Jews
Rituals of Marriage and Birth
Death and the Afterlife
Nobles
Origins and Status of the Nobility
Childhood
Youth and Marriage
Power and Responsibility
Monasteries and Convents
Monastic Revival
Life in Convents and Monasteries
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past: The Pilgrim's Guide to Santiago de Compostela
Individuals in Society: Hildegard of Bingen
Living in the Past: Child's Play
CHAPTER 11
The Creativity and Challenges of Medieval Cities
1100-1300
Towns and Economic Revival
The Rise of Towns
Merchant and Craft Guilds
The Revival of Long-Distance Trade
Business Procedures
The Commercial Revolution
Urban Life
City Life
Servants and the Poor
Popular Entertainment
Medieval Universities
Origins
Legal Curriculum
Medical Training
Theology and Philosophy
Abelard and Heloise
Thomas Aquinas
Life at a University
Literature and Architecture
Vernacular Literature and Drama
Churches and Cathedrals
Cities and the Church
Heretical Groups
The Friars
The Friars and Papal Power
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Individuals in Society: Francesco Datini
Listening to the Past: Courtly Love Poetry
Living in the Past: Medieval Churches, from Romanesque to Gothic
CHAPTER 12
The Crisis of the Later Middle Ages
1300-1450
Prelude to Disaster
Climate Change and Famine
Social Consequences
The Black Death
Pathology
Spread of the Disease
Care of the Sick
Economic, Religious, and Cultural Effects
The Hundred Years' War
Causes
English Successes
Joan of Arc and France's Victory
Aftermath
Challenges to the Church
The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism
Critiques, Divisions, and Councils
Lay Piety and Mysticism
Social Unrest in a Changing Society
Peasant Revolts
Urban Conflicts
Sex in the City
Fur-Collar Crime
Ethnic Tensions and Restrictions
Literacy and Vernacular Literature
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: Treating the Plague
Individuals in Society: Meister Eckhart
Listening to the Past: Christine de Pizan, Advice to the Wives of Artisans
CHAPTER 13
European Society in the Age of the Renaissance
1350-1550
Wealth and Power in Renaissance Italy
Trade and Prosperity
Communes and Republics of Northern Italy
City-States and the Balance of Power
Intellectual Change
Humanism
Education
Political Thought
Christian Humanism
The Printed Word
Art and the Artist
Patronage and Power
Changing Artistic Styles
The Renaissance Artist
Social Hierarchies
Race and Slavery
Wealth and the Nobility
Gender Roles
Politics and the State in Western Europe, ca. 1450-1521
France
England
Spain
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past: Perspectives on Humanist Learning and Women
Individuals in Society: Leonardo da Vinci
Living in the Past: Male Clothing and Masculinity
CHAPTER 14
Reformations and Religious Wars
1500-1600
The Early Reformation
The Christian Church in the Early Sixteenth Century
Martin Luther
Protestant Thought
The Appeal of Protestant Ideas
The Radical Reformation and the German Peasants' War
Marriage and Sexuality
The Reformation and German Politics
The Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty
Religious Wars in Switzerland and Germany
The Spread of Protestant Ideas
Scandinavia
Henry VIII and the Reformation in England
Upholding Protestantism in England
Calvinism
The Reformation in Eastern Europe
The Catholic Reformation
Papal Reform and the Council of Trent
New Religious Orders
Religious Violence
French Religious Wars
The Netherlands Under Charles V
The Great European Witch-Hunt
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past: Martin Luther, On Christian Liberty
Living in the Past: Uses of Art in the Reformation
Individuals in Society: Teresa of Ávila
CHAPTER 15
European Exploration and Conquest
1450-1650
World Contacts Before Columbus
The Trade World of the Indian Ocean
The Trading States of Africa
The Ottoman and Persian Empires
Genoese and Venetian Middlemen
The European Voyages of Discovery
Causes of European Expansion
Technology and the Rise of Exploration
The Portuguese Overseas Empire
The Problem of Christopher Columbus
Later Explorers
Spanish Conquest in the New World
Early French and English Settlement in the New World
The Impact of Conquest
Colonial Administration
Impact of European Settlement on the Lives of Indigenous Peoples
Life in the Colonies
The Columbian Exchange
Europe and the World After Columbus
Sugar and Slavery
Spanish Silver and Its Economic Effects
The Birth of the Global Economy
Changing Attitudes and Beliefs
New Ideas About Race
Michel de Montaigne and Cultural Curiosity
William Shakespeare and His Influence
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past: Columbus Describes His First Voyage
Living in the Past: Foods of the Columbian Exchange
Individuals in Society: Juan de Pareja
CHAPTER 16
Absolutism and Constitutionalism
ca. 1589-1725
Seventeenth-Century Crisis and Rebuilding
Peasant Life in the Midst of Economic Crisis
The Return of Serfdom in the East
The Thirty Years' War
Achievements in State-Building
Warfare and the Growth of Army Size
Popular Political Action
Absolutism in France and Spain
The Foundations of Absolutism
Louis XIV and Absolutism
Life at Versailles
French Financial Management Under Colbert
Louis XIV's Wars
The Decline of Absolutist Spain in the Seventeenth Century
Absolutism in Austria and Prussia
The Austrian Habsburgs
Prussia in the Seventeenth Century
The Consolidation of Prussian Absolutism
The Development of Russia and the Ottoman Empire
The Mongol Yoke and the Rise of Moscow
The Tsar and People
The Reforms of Peter the Great
The Growth of the Ottoman Empire
Alternatives to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic
Absolutist Claims in England
Religious Divides and the English Civil War
Cromwell and Puritanical Absolutism in England
The Restoration of the English Monarchy
Constitutional Monarchy and Cabinet Government
The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century
Baroque Art and Music
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: The Absolutist Palace
Listening to the Past: A German Account of Russian Life
Individuals in Society: Glückel of Hameln
CHAPTER 17
Toward a New Worldview
1540-1789
The Scientific Revolution
Scientific Thought in 1500
Origins of the Scientific Revolution
The Copernican Hypothesis
Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo: Proving Copernicus Right
Newton's Synthesis
Bacon, Descartes, and the Scientific Method
Science and Society
Medicine, the Body, and Chemistry
The Enlightenment
The Emergence of the Enlightenment
The Influence of the Philosophes
The Enlightenment Outside of France
Urban Culture and Life in the Public Sphere
Race and the Enlightenment
Late Enlightenment
Enlightened Absolutism
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Catherine the Great of Russia
The Austrian Habsburgs
Jewish Life and the Limits of Enlightened Absolutism
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: Coffeehouse Culture
Listening to the Past: Denis Diderot, “Supplement to Bougainville's Voyage”
Individuals in Society: Moses Mendelssohn and the Jewish Enlightenment
CHAPTER 18
The Expansion of Europe
1650-1800
Working the Land
The Legacy of the Open-Field System
The Agricultural Revolution
The Leadership of the Low Countries and England
The Beginning of the Population Explosion
Long-standing Obstacles to Population Growth
The New Pattern of the Eighteenth Century
The Growth of Rural Industry
The Putting-Out System
The Lives of Rural Textile Workers
The Industrious Revolution
The Debate over Urban Guilds
Urban Guilds
Adam Smith and Economic Liberalism
Building the Global Economy
Mercantilism and Colonial Wars
Eighteenth-Century Colonial Trade
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Identities and Communities of the Atlantic World
Trade and Empire in Asia and the Pacific
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past: Contrasting Views on the Effects of Rural Industry
Living in the Past: London: The Remaking of London
Individuals in Society: Olaudah Equiano
CHAPTER 19
The Changing Life of the People
1700-1800
Marriage and the Family
Late Marriage and Nuclear Families
Work Away from Home
Premarital Sex and Community Controls
New Patterns of Marriage and Illegitimacy
Sex on the Margins of Society
Children and Education
Child Care and Nursing
Foundlings and Infanticide
Attitudes Toward Children
The Spread of Elementary Schools
Popular Culture and Consumerism
Popular Literature
Leisure and Recreation
New Foods and Appetites
Toward a Consumer Society
Religious Authority and Beliefs
Church Hierarchy
Protestant Revival
Catholic Piety
Marginal Beliefs and Practices
Medical Practice
Faith Healing and General Practice
Hospitals and Surgery
Midwifery
The Conquest of Smallpox
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past: Louis-Sébastien Mercier, a Day in the Life of Paris
Individuals in Society: Rose Bertin, “Minister of Fashion”
Living in the Past: Improvements in Childbirth
CHAPTER 20
The Revolution in Politics
1775-1815
Background to Revolution
Legal Orders and Social Reality
The Crisis of Political Legitimacy
The American Revolution and Its Impact
Financial Crisis
Politics and the People, 1789-1791
The Formation of the National Assembly
The Storming of the Bastille
Peasant Revolt and the Rights of Man
Parisian Women March on Versailles
A Constitutional Monarchy and Its Challenges
Revolutionary Aspirations in Saint-Domingue
World War and Republican France, 1791-1799
Foreign Reactions to the Revolution
The Outbreak of War
The Second Revolution
Total War and the Terror
Revolution in Saint-Domingue
The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory
The Napoleonic Era, 1799-1815
Napoleon's Rule of France
Napoleon's Expansion in Europe
The War of Haitian Independence
The Grand Empire and Its End
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past: Abbé de Sieyès, “What Is the Third Estate?”
Living in the Past: A Revolution of Culture and Daily Life
Individuals in Society: Toussaint L'Ouverture
Chapter 21
The Revolution in Energy and Industry, ca. 1780-1850
The Industrial Revolution in Britain
Eighteenth-Century Origins
The First Factories
The Problem of Energy
The Steam Engine Breakthrough
The Coming of the Railroads
Industry and Population
Industrialization in Continental Europe
National Variations
The Challenge of Industrialization
Agents of Industrialization
Government Support and Corporate Banking
Relations Between Capital and Labor
The New Class of Factory Owners
The New Factory Workers
Work in Early Factories
Working Families and Children
The Sexual Division of Labor
The Early Labor Movement in Britain
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Individuals in Society: Josiah Wedgwood
Living in the Past: Visiting the Crystal Palace Exhibition
Listening to the Past: The Testimony of Young Mine Workers
Chapter 22
Ideologies and Upheavals, 1815-1850
The Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars
The European Balance of Power
Repressing the Revolutionary Spirit
Metternich and Conservatism
The Spread of Radical Ideas
Liberalism and the Middle Class
The Growing Appeal of Nationalism
French Utopian Socialism
The Birth of Marxian Socialism
The Romantic Movement
Romanticism's Tenets
Literature
Art and Music
Reforms and Revolutions Before 1848
National Liberation in Greece
Liberal Reform in Great Britain
Ireland and the Great Famine
The Revolution of 1830 in France
The Revolutions of 1848
A Democratic Republic in France
The Austrian Empire in 1848
Prussia and the Frankfurt Assembly
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past: Von Herder and Mazzini on the Development of Nationalism
Individuals in Society: Germaine de Staël
Living in the Past: Revolutionary Experiences in 1848
Chapter 23
Life in the Emerging Urban Society, 1840-1900
Taming the City
Industry and the Growth of Cities
The Advent of the Public Health Movement
The Bacterial Revolution
Improvements in Urban Planning
Public Transportation
Rich and Poor and Those in Between
The Distribution of Income
The People and Occupations of the Middle Classes
Middle-Class Culture and Values
The People and Occupations of the Working Classes
Working-Class Leisure and Religion
The Changing Family
Premarital Sex and Marriage
Prostitution
Kinship Ties
Gender Roles and Early Feminism
The Importance of Homemaking
Child Rearing
Science and Thought
The Triumph of Science in Industry
Darwin and Natural Selection
Social Science
Realism in Literature
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: Nineteenth-Century Women's Fashions
Listening to the Past: Stephan Zweig on Middle-Class Youth and Sexuality
Individuals in Society: Franziska Tiburtius
Chapter 24
The Age of Nationalism, 1850-1914
Napoleon III in France
France's Second Republic
Napoleon III's Second Empire
Nation Building in Italy and Germany
Italy to 1850
Cavour and Garibaldi in Italy
The Growing Austro-Prussian Rivalry
Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War
The Taming of the Parliament
The Franco-Prussian War
Nation Building in the United States
The Modernization of Russia and the Ottoman Empire
The “Great Reforms” in Russia
The Russian Revolution of 1905
Decline and Reform in the Ottoman Empire
The Responsive National State, 1871-1914
General Trends
The German Empire
Republican France
Great Britain and Ireland
The Austro-Hungarian Empire
Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism
Marxism and the Socialist Movement
The Socialist International
Unions and Revisionism
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: Peasant Life in Post-Reform Russia
Individuals in Society: Theodor Herzl
Listening to the Past: Adelheid Popp, the Making of a Socialist
Chapter 25
The West and the World, 1815-1914
Industrialization and the World Economy
The Rise of Global Inequality
The World Market
The Opening of China
Japan and the United States
Western Penetration of Egypt
The Great Migration
The Pressure of Population
European Migrants
Asian Migrants
Western Imperialism, 1880-1914
The European Presence in Africa Before 1880
The Scramble for Africa After 1880
Imperialism in Asia
Causes of the New Imperialism
A “Civilizing Mission”
Critics of Imperialism
Responding to Western Imperialism
The Pattern of Response
Empire in India
The Example of Japan
Toward Revolution in China
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past: Lin Zexu and Yamagata Aritomo, Confronting Western Imperialism
Living in the Past: The Immigrant Experience
Individuals in Society: Cecil Rhodes
Chapter 26
War and Revolution, 1914-1919
The Road to War
Growing International Conflict
The Mood of 1914
The Outbreak of War
Waging Total War
Stalemate and Slaughter on the Western Front
The Widening War
The Home Front
Mobilizing for Total War
The Social Impact
Growing Political Tensions
The Russian Revolution
The Fall of Imperial Russia
The Provisional Government
Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution
Trotsky and the Seizure of Power
Dictatorship and Civil War
The Peace Settlement
The End of the War
Revolution in Austria-Hungary and Germany
The Treaty of Versailles
The Peace Settlement in the Middle East
The Human Costs
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: Life and Death on the Western Front
Individuals in Society: Vera Brittain
Listening to the Past: Resolution of the General Syrian Congress at Damascus
Chapter 27
The Age of Anxiety, ca. 1900-1940
Uncertainty in Modern Thought
Modern Philosophy
The Revival of Christianity
The New Physics
Freudian Psychology
Twentieth-Century Literature
Modernism in Architecture, Art, and Music
Architecture and Design
New Artistic Movements
Modern Music
An Emerging Consumer Society
Mass Culture
The Appeal of Cinema
The Arrival of Radio
The Search for Peace and Political Stability
Germany and the Western Powers
Hope in Foreign Affairs
Hope in Democratic Government
The Great Depression, 1929-1939
The Economic Crisis
Mass Unemployment
The New Deal in the United States
The Scandinavian Response to the Depression
Recovery and Reform in Britain and France
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: Modern Design for Everyday Use
Individuals in Society: Gustav Stresemann
Listening to the Past: George Orwell on Life on the Dole
Chapter 28
Dictatorships and the Second World War, 1919-1945
Authoritarian States
Conservative Authoritarianism and Radical Totalitarian Dictatorships
Communism and Fascism
Stalin's Soviet Union
From Lenin to Stalin
The Five-Year Plans
Life and Culture in Soviet Society
Stalinist Terror and the Great Purges
Mussolini and Fascism in Italy
The Seizure of Power
The Regime in Action
Hitler and Nazism in Germany
The Roots of National Socialism
Hitler's Road to Power
State and Society in Nazi Germany
Popular Support for National Socialism
Aggression and Appeasement
The Second World War
German Victories in Europe
Europe Under Nazi Occupation
The Holocaust
Japanese Empire and the War in the Pacific
The "Hinge of Fate"
Allied Victory
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Listening to the Past: Stalin Justifies the Five-Year Plan
Living in the Past: Nazi Propaganda and Consumer Goods
Individuals in Society: Primo Levi
Chapter 29
Cold War Conflict and Consensus
1945-1965
Postwar Europe and the Origins of the Cold War
The Legacies of the Second World War
The Peace Accords and Cold War Origins
West Versus East
Big Science and New Technologies
The Western Renaissance
The Search for Political and Social Consensus
Toward European Unity
The Consumer Revolution
Soviet Eastern Europe
Postwar Life Under Stalin
Reform and De-Stalinization
Foreign Policy and Domestic Rebellion
The Limits of Reform
The End of Empires
Decolonization and the Cold War
The Struggle for Power in Asia
Independence and Conflict in the Middle East
The African Awakening
Postwar Social Transformations
Changing Class Structures
Patterns of Postwar Migration
New Roles for Women
Youth Culture and the Generation Gap
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: A Model Socialist Steel Town
Listening to the Past: The Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate”
Individuals in Society: Armando Rodrigues, West Germany's "One-Millionth Guest Worker"
Chapter 30
Challenging the Postwar Order
1960-1991
Reform and Protest in the 1960s
Cold War Tensions Thaw
The Affluent Society
The Growing Counterculture Movement
The United States and Vietnam
Student Revolts and 1968
The 1960s in the East Bloc
Changing Consensus in Western Europe
Economic Crisis and Hardship
The Conservative Backlash
Challenges and Victories for Women
The Rise of the Environmental Movement
Separatism and Right-Wing Extremism
The Decline of "Really Existing Socialism"
State and Society in the East Bloc
Reform Movements in Czechoslovakia and Poland
From Détente Back to Cold War
Gorbachev's Reforms in the Soviet Union
The Revolutions of 1989
The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe
German Unification and the End of the Cold War
The Disintegration of the Soviet Union
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: The Supermarket Revolution
Listening to the Past: Rock Music and Social Change
Individuals in Society: Margaret Thatcher
Chapter 31
Europe in an Age of Globalization
1990 to the Present
Rebuilding Russia and Eastern Europe
Economic Shock Therapy in Russia
Russian Revival Under Vladimir Putin
Coping with Change in Eastern Europe
Tragedy in Yugoslavia
The New Global System
The Digital Age and the Changing Economy
The Human Side of Globalization
The New European Union
Supranational Organizations
Toward a Multicultural Continent
The Prospect of Population Decline
Changing Immigration Flows
Ethnic Diversity in Contemporary Europe
Europe and Its Muslim Citizens
Confronting Twenty-first Century Challenges
Growing Strains in U.S.-European Relations
The War on Terror and European Security
The Dependence on Fossil Fuels
Environmental Problems and Progress
Promoting Human Rights
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Chapter Review
Living in the Past: The Euro
Individuals in Society: Tariq Ramadan
Listening to the Past: William Pfaff, Will the French Riots Change Anything?