Preface
Part I
The Creation of American Society, 1450–1763
Chapter 1
Worlds Collide: Europe, Africa, and America 1450-1620
Native American Societies
1-1 Indian and Non-Indian Population Charts, 1492-1980
1-2 Bernard Diaz del Castillo, The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico (1517-1521)
1-3 Cortes and the Requerimiento (1519-1521)
1-4 Pierre de Charlevoix, The Role of Women in Huron Society (1721)
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450–1550
1-5 Father Pierre Biard, Indian Populations of New France (1611)
1-6 Gomes Eannes de Azurara, Prince Henry and the Slave Trade (1444)
1-7 Bartolome de las Casas, Columbus’s Landfall (1552)
The Protestant Reformation and the Rise of England
1-8 John Hales, Objections against Enclosure (1548)
1-9 Richard Hakluyt, A Discourse to Promote Colonization (1584)
1-10 Thomas Harriot, A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1588)
1-11 John White and Theodor de Bry, Images of Native Americans from Roanoke Island (1585, 1590)
Chapter 2
The Invasion and Settlement of North America 1550-1700
The Rival Imperial Models of Spain, France, and Holland
2-1 Bartolome de las Casas, History of the Indies (1552)
2-2 John Smith, A True Relation of Virginia (1608)
2-3 Pocahontas and John Smith (1624)
2-4 John Smith, Checklist for Virginia-Bound Colonists (1624)
The English Arrive: The Chesapeake Experience
2-5 Notes on Indentured Servitude in Virginia (1640)
2-6 John Hammond, Two Fruitfull Sisters (1656)
Puritan New England
2-7 John Winthrop, A Modell of Christian Charity (1630)
2-8 Puritan Family Law: The Case of John Porter Jr. (1646, 1664)
2-9 The Ordeal of Cotton Mather’s Family (1713)
The Eastern Indians’ New World
2-10 John Winthrop, But What Warrant Have We to Take That Land? (1629)
2-11 Puritan Attack on the Pequots at Mystic River (1637)
2-12 Jerome Lalemant, Persecutions Excited Among Us (1640)
Chapter 3
The British Empire in America 1660-1750
The Politics of Empire, 1660-1713
3-1 Edward Littleton, The Groans of the Plantations (1689)
3-2 Thomas Danforth, The Glorious Revolution in Massachusetts (1689)
The Imperial Slave Economy
3-3 Thomas Phillips, A Journal of a Voyage Made in the Hannibal (1693-1694)
3-4 Slavery and Prejudice: An Act for the Better Order and Government of Negroes and Slaves, South Carolina (1712)
3-5 Conflicts between Masters and Slaves: Maryland in the Mid-Seventeenth Century (1658)
3-6 An Early Slave Narrative: Ayubah Suleiman Diallo, or “Job” (1734)
3-7 William Byrd II, The Secret Diary of William Byrd II (1709-1711)
3-8 Benjamin Latrobe and Anonymous, Plantation Life in the Eighteenth Century
The New Politics of Empire, 1713-1750
3-9 Martin Bladen, A Plantation Parliament (1739)
3-10 Stono Rebellion in South Carolina (1739)
Chapter 4
Growth and Crisis in Colonial Society 1720-1765
Freehold Society in New England
4-1 Nicholas Dudley, A New Hampshire Will (1763)
4-2 Benjamin Wadsworth, The Obligations of a Wife (1712)
The Middle Atlantic: Toward a New Society, 1720-1765
4-3 J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, What is an American? (1782)
4-4 Peter Kalm, A Description of Philadelphia (1748)
4-5 Job Johnson, Letter from a Scots-Irish Immigrant (1767)
4-6 An Abolitionist in Pennsylvania in the 1730’s
The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, 1740-1765
4-7 Benjamin Franklin, On Education during the American Enlightenment (1749)
4-8 The Reverend James Ireland, An Evangelical Preacher’s Trials (1760s)
4-9 Charles Woodmason, Fighting Revivalism in the Carolina Backcountry (1768)
The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750-1765
4-10 Christian Frederick Post, Negotiating Peace with the Ohio Indians (1758)
4-11 Protests on the Frontier: The Paxton Riots (1764)
4-12 Olaudah Equiano, Middle Passage (c. 1754)
Part II
The New Republic, 1763–1820
Chapter 5
Toward Independence: Years of Decision 1763-1776
Imperial Reform, 1763-1765
5-1 James Otis, Jr., Rights of the Colonies Asserted and Proved (1764)
5-2 Jared Ingersoll, Report on the Debates in Parliament (1765)
5-3 Thomas Whately, Virtual Representation, (1765)
5-4 Daniel Dulany, Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes (1765)
5-5 Declarations of the Stamp Act Congress (1765)
The Dynamics of Rebellion, 1765-1770
5-6 Francis Bernard, The Stamp Act Riot (1765)
5-7 John Dickinson, Letter VII from a Farmer (1768)
5-8 The Boycott Agreements of Women in Boston (1770)
5-9 Peter Oliver, Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion (1780s)
5-10 Captain Thomas Preston, An Account of the Boston Massacre (1770)
The Road to Independence, 1771-1776
5-11 George R. T. Hewes, An Account of the Boston Tea Party of 1773
5-12 Philip Dawe, A British View of Rebellion in Boston (1774)
5-13 The Edenton, North Carolina, Boycott Agreement (1774)
5-14 Thomas Jefferson, A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774)
5-15 James Wilson, The Nature and Extent of the Authority of Parliament (1774)
5-16 The Continental Congress Creates the Association (1774)
5-17 Joseph Galloway, A Plan of Union (1774)
Chapter 6
Making War and Republican Governments, 1776-1789
The Trials of War, 1776-1778
6-1 Gouverneur Morris, The Poor Reptiles (1774)
6-2 Lord Dunmore, A Proclamation (1775)
6-3 Samuel Johnson, On Liberty and Slavery (1775)
6-4 William Smith, Jr., Rule for My Own Conduct (1776)
6-5 Continental Congress to the Iroquois Confederacy (1775)
6-6 Thomas Paine, The American Crisis, Number I (December 1776)
The Path to Victory, 1778-1783
6-7 Sarah Osborn, An Account of Life with the Army (1780-1783)
6-8 Jacob Francis, An African American Recounts His War Service (1775-1777)
6-9 John Struthers, An Account of War on the Frontier (1777-1782)
6-10 Civil War in the Southern Backcountry (1781)
6-11 British Perceptions of the War of Independence (1776, 1778)
Creating Republican Institutions, 1776-1787
6-12 The Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776)
6-13 Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom (1786)
6-14 Abigail Adams, Boston Women Support Price Control (1777)
6-15 John Heckewelder, Pachgantschihilas Warns about the Long Knives (1781)
6-16 Proslavery Petitions in Virginia (1785)
The Constitution of 1787
6-17 James Madison, Vices of the Political System of the United States (1787)
6-18 Elbridge Gerry, A Warning to the Delegates about Leveling (1787)
6-19 George Clinton, An Attack on the Proposed Federal Constitution (1787)
6-20 James Madison, The Federalist, No. 10 (1787)
6-21 James Madison, The Federalist, No. 54 (1787)
Chapter 7
Politics and Society in the New Republic, 1787-1820
The Political Crisis of the 1790s
7-1 Alexander Hamilton, Report on Public Credit (1790)
7-2 George Washington, Farewell Address (1796)
7-3 Alexander Lawson, David Edwin, George Washington and Resisting Tyranny (1799, 1800)
7-4 The Sedition Act (1798)
7-5 Thomas Jefferson, The Kentucky Resolutions (1798)
7-6 Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address (1801)
Westward Movement and the Jeffersonian Revolution
7-7 Congressional Resolution on Western Lands (1800)
7-8 Henry Knox, Proposed Indian Policy for the New Republic (1789)
7-9 Thomas Jefferson, Message to Congress (January 18, 1803)
7-10 Jane Stevenson, A Pioneer Woman in Post-Revolutionary Kentucky (1840s)
The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics
7-11 John Marshall, Decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803)
7-12 Meriwether Lewis, The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)
7-13 George Cruikshank, Peter Pencil, Jefferson and the Embargo (1808, 1809)
7-14 William Henry Harrison, Speech to Tecumseh and the Prophet (1811), and Report to the Secretary of War (1814)
7-15 Hartford Convention Resolutions (1814)
Chapter 8
Creating a Republican Culture, 1790-1820
The Capitalist Commonwealth
8-1 John Marshall, Decision in Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
8-2 Daniel Webster, Argument for the Plaintiff in Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1818)
8-3 John Marshall, Decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Toward a Democratic Republican Culture
8-4 Pierre Charles L’Enfant, The Plan for the City of Washington (1791)
8-5 Hugh Henry Brackenridge, Modern Chivalry (1792)
8-6 Congressional Pugilists: Matthew Lyon and Roger Griswold (1798)
8-7 Benjamin Rush, The Education of Republican Women (1798)
Aristocratic Republicanism and Slavery
8-8 James Madison, Original Intent and Slavery (1819)
8-9 Daniel Raymond, The Blight of Slavery (1819)
8-10 James Madison and the American Colonization Society (1819)
Protestant Christianity as a Social Force
8-11 Reverend George Baxter, Defending the Revival at Cane Ridge, Kentucky (1802)
8-12 Alexis de Tocqueville, What Makes Religion Powerful in America? (1831)
Part III
Economic Revolution and Sectional Strife, 1820–1877
Chapter 9
Economic Transformation, 1820-1860
The American Industrial Revolution
9-1 Niles’ Weekly Register, Calculating the Value of Children’s Labor (1816)
9-2 A Mill Worker Describes Her Work and Life (1844)
9-3 Harriet Martineau, Morals of Manufactures (1837)
9-4 The “Factory Girls” (1844, 1845)
9-5 Joseph Whitworth, The American System of Manufactures (1854)
The Market Revolution
9-6 Jesup W. Scott, Western Railroads (1845)
9-7 A Satire on Western Boosterism (1845)
Changes in the Social Structure
9-8 Orestes A. Brownson, The Laboring Classes (1840)
9-9 Alexis de Tocqueville, The Rise of an Industrial Aristocracy (1831)
9-10 The American Whig Review, Influence of the Trading Spirit on Social and Moral Life (1845)
9-11 Freeman Hunt, Advice for Businessmen (1856)
Chapter 10
A Democratic Revolution, 1820-1844
The Rise of Popular Politics, 1820-1829
10-1 James Kent, An Argument Against Universal Suffrage (1821)
10-2 Henry Clay, Speech on the Tariff (March 30-31, 1824)
10-3 Alexis de Tocqueville, The Tyranny of the Majority (1831)
10-4 Horace Mann, Necessity of Education in a Republican Government (1837)
The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829-1837
10-5 Andrew Jackson, Bank Veto Message (1832)
10-6 Andrew Jackson and Elias Boudinot, On Indian Removal (1829)
10-7 John Marshall, Decision in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
10-8 South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification (1832)
Class, Culture, and the Second Party System
10-9 Seth Luther, Address to the Working Men of New England (1832)
10-10 Edward C. Clay, The Election of 1836
10-11 Francis P. Blair, Protecting Domestic Industry (1842)
10-12 John Scholefield, A Whig Discusses How to Appeal to the Workingman (1833)
Chapter 11
Religion and Reform, 1820-1860
Individualism
11-1 Francis Wayland, Obedience (1831)
11-2 Henry David Thoreau, Walden (1854)
Rural Communalism and Urban Popular Culture
11-3 Rebecca Cox Jackson, The Shakers (1850)
11-4 John Humphrey Noyes, Male Continence (1872)
11-5 Edward C. Clay, Satirizing Free Blacks (1829)
Abolitionism
11-6 William Lloyd Garrison, Commencement of The Liberator (1831)
11-7 Frederick Douglass, What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? (1852)
11-8 “Slavery As It Exists” (1850)
The Women’s Rights Movement
11-9 Angelina E. Grimke, Breaking Out of Women’s Separate Sphere (1838)
11-10 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (1848)
Chapter 12
The South Expands: Slavery and Society, 1820-1860
Creating the Cotton South
12-1 Leonard Covington, The Slaveholders’ Frontier: Moving to Mississippi (1808-1809)
12-2 Forced Migration to the Cotton South: The Narrative of Charles Ball (1837)
12-3 William Chambers, Slave Auction in Richmond, Virginia (1854)
12-4 Frederick Law Olmsted, Slave Management on a Mississippi Plantation (1852)
12-5 James Coles Bruce, Inventory of Slave Property (1849)
12-6 Edmund Ruffin Defends Slavery (1853)
The African American World
12-7 Memories of a Slave Childhood
12-8 Frances Anne Kemble, The Plight of Female Slaves (1839)
12-9 Nat Turner, Religion in the Quarters (1832)
12-10 John Thompson, A Slave Named Ben (c. 1826)
12-11 The Enslavement of Solomon Northup (1841)
Chapter 13
The Crisis of the Union 1844-1860
Manifest Destiny: South and North
13-1 John L. O’Sullivan, Texas, California, and Manifest Destiny (1845)
13-2 Thomas Oliver Larkin, The Importance of California (1845)
13-3 The Great Prize Fight (1844)
War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846-1850
13-4 Carlos Maria de Bustamante, The American Invasion of Mexico (1847)
13-5 Salmon P. Chase, Defining the Constitutional Limits of Slavery (1850)
13-6 John C. Calhoun, A Discourse on the Constitution (1850)
13-7 Frederick Grimke, The Right of Secession (1856)
The End of the Second Party System, 1850-1858
13-8 The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
13-9 Fulfilling a Constitutional Duty with Alacrity (1850)
13-10 Opposing Accounts of the Rescue of a Fugitive (1851)
13-11 Charles Sumner, The Crime Against Kansas (1856)
13-12 The Dred Scott Decision (1857)
Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858-1860
13-13 The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)
13-14 The Trial of John Brown (1859)
13-15 John A. Copeland, Jr., Letter to His Parents (1859)
Chapter 14
Two Societies at War 1861-1865
Secession and Military Stalemate, 1861-1862, and Toward Total War
14-1 Charles Memminger, South Carolina Secedes from the Union (1860)
14-2 Constitution of the Confederate States (1861)
14-3 Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address (1861)
14-4 Mary Boykin Chesnut, The Crisis at Fort Sumter (April 1861)
14-5 The Work of the United States Sanitary Commission (1864)
The Turning Point: 1863
14-6 Slave Runaways in South Carolina (1861)
14-7 Charlotte Forten, A Northern Black Woman Teaches Contrabands in South Carolina (1862)
14-8 Adalbert John Volck, J.F. Meeks, Lincoln and Emancipation (1864)
14-9 Anna Elizabeth Dickinson, The New York City Draft Riots (July 1863)
14-10 Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address (1863)
The Union Victorious, 1864-1865
14-11 Confederates Debate Emancipation (1863-1864)
14-12 Weekly Anglo-American, Letters to the Editor (1864)
14-13 Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address (1865)
Chapter 15
Reconstruction 1865-1877
Presidential Reconstruction
15-1 Andrew Johnson, Plan of Reconstruction (1865)
15-2 Carl Schurz, Report on Conditions in the South (1865)
15-3 Philip A. Bell, Reconstruction (1865)
15-4 The Mississippi Black Codes (1865)
15-5 The Civil Rights Act of 1866
Radical Reconstruction
15-6 Thaddeus Stevens, Black Suffrage and Land Redistribution (1867)
15-7 The Fourteenth Amendment and Woman Suffrage (1873, 1875)
15-8 Richard H. Cain, An Advocate of Federal Aid for Land Purchase (1868)
The Undoing of Reconstruction
15-9 Thomas Nast, The Rise and Fall of Northern Support for Reconstruction (1868, 1874)
15-10 President Grant Refuses to Aid Republicans in Mississippi (1875)
15-11 The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
15-12 Susan Myrick Interviews ex-Slave Catherine Beale (1929)