BOOK 1
THE ANCIENT WORLD
BEGINNINGS TO 100 C. E.
Time Line
Introduction
[Comparative time line]
MESOPOTAMIA
[Map: The Ancient Near East, Second Millennium B.C.E]
[Image: Cylinder Seal Showing the Goddess Inanna/Ishtar]
[Image: Sumerian Cuneiform Tablet]
[Image: Babylonian Globe]
[Time and Place: Ancient Mesopotamia: The Flood Myth]
THE DESCENT OF INANNA [C. 2000 B.C.E.]
The Descent of Inanna (Translated byDiane Wolkstein and Samuel Noah Kramer)
[Image: The Goddess Inanna]
THE EPIC OF CREATION [C. 1800 B.C.E.]
Creation Epic (Translated by Stephanie Dalley)
THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH [C. 1800 B.C.E.; STANDARD VERSION, 7TH CENTURY B.C.E.]
The Epic of Gilgamesh (Translated by N. K. Sandars)
[Image: Gilgamesh]
EGYPT
[Map: Ancient Egypt]
[Image: Three Scribes]
[Image: Rhind Papyrus]
[Image: Scene from The Book of the Dead]
[Time and Place: Ancient Egypt: The Rosetta Stone]
HYMNS [C. 2000-1300 B.C.E.]
Creating the World and Defeating Apophis: A Ritual Hymn (Translated by John A. Wilson)
A Hymn to Osiris (Translated by Aylward M. Blackman)
Hymn to Aten (Translated by R. O. Faulkner)
[Image: Akhenaten Offering Lotus Flowers to Aten]
LOVE POEMS [1554-1085 B.C.E.]
(Translated by William Kelly Simpson)
“If I am [not] with you, where will you set your heart?”
“My love for you is mixed throughout my body”
“My heart is not yet happy with your love”
“I sail downstream in the ferry by the pull of the current”
“My god, my [lover…]”
“I embrace her”
“I wish I were her washerman”
“Seven days have passed, and I've not seen my lady love”
“Please come quick to the lady love”
[Image: Pair Statue of Memi and Sabu Standing]
ISRAEL
[Map: Israel and Judah]
[Image: Sacrifice of Isaac]
[Image: Samuel Anoints David]
[Time and Place: The Ancient Hebrews: The Great Temple]
HEBREW SCRIPTURES (THE OLD TESTAMENT) [C. 900 B.C.E.-100 B.C.E.]
(New English Bible)
Genesis 1-3 [The Creation of the World and the Fall]
Genesis 4:1-16 [Cain and Abel: The First Murder]
Genesis 6-9:14 [The Flood]
Genesis 11:1-9 [The Tower of Babel]
Genesis 21:1-21,22:1-18 [Abraham and Isaac]
Genesis 37-47 [Joseph and His Brothers]
Exodus 11, 12:1-42, 13:17-14 [Moses and the Exodus]
Exodus 19-20:21 [The Ten Commandments]
Job 1-17, 29-31, 38-42 [The Trials of Job]
Psalm 23: “The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want”
Psalm 104: “O Lord my God, thou art great”
Psalm 137: “By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down”
The Song of Songs
[Image: Moses Guiding the Hebrews]
In the World
Connecting Cosmos and Kingdom
[IMAGE: RAMSES I FLANKED BY GODS]
[IMAGE: BABYLONIAN TABLET CALCULATING JUPITER'S MOVEMENTS]
PYRAMID TEXTS [2565-2258 B.C.E.]
*UNAS PYRAMID TEXT 217 (TRANSLATED BY MIRIAM LICHTHEIM)
[KING UNAS JOINS THE SUN-GOD]
[IMAGE: KING UNAS]
HAMMURABI [FLOURISHED 1792-1750]
o from THE CODE OF HAMMURABI (TRANSLATED BY ROBERT FRANCIS HARPER)
[IMAGE: THE CODE OF HAMMURABI]
THE UPANISHADS [9TH CENTURY B.C.E.]
from BRIHAD-ARANYAKA AND CHaNDOGYA (TRANSLATED BY R. E. HUME)
[KARMA AND REINCARNATION]
[Image: The Maha-pari-nirvana]
HEBREW SCRIPTURES [8TH-7TH CENTURIES B.C.E.]
*DEUTERONOMY 6-7 (THE NEW ENGLISH BIBLE)
[GOD OF LAW AND VENGEANCE]
PLATO [427-347 B.C.E.]
from TIMEUS (TRANSLATED BY H. D. P. LEE)
[THE DIVINE UNIVERSE WITHIN]
MENCIUS [371-288 B.C.E.]
*MENCIUS (TRANSLATED BY W. A. C. H. DOBSON)
[HEAVEN AND HUMAN NATURE]
[IMAGE: MENCIUS]
DEAD SEA SCROLLS [2ND CENTURY B.C.E.-1ST CENTURY C.E.]
WAR OF SONS OF LIGHT AND SONS OF DARKNESS (TRANSLATED BY G. VERMES)
[IMAGE: DEAD SEA SCROLLS]
GREECE
[MAP: CLASSICAL GREECE]
[IMAGE: A VIEW OF THE PARTHENON]
[IMAGE: TWO VIEWS OF THE THEATER AT EPIDAURUS]
[TIME AND PLACE: ANCIENT GREECE: THE TROJAN WAR]
HESIOD [8TH CENTURY B.C.E.]
FROM Theogony (Translated by Dorothea Wender)
[The Castration of Uranus]
[Kronos Swallows His Children and the Birth of Zeus]
[Prometheus Steals Fire]
o FROM Works and Days (Translated by Dorothea Wender)
[Prometheus and Pandora}
[The Ages of Man]
HOMER [8TH CENTURY B.C.E.]
[MAPS: MAJOR SITES AND CHARACTERS IN THE ILLIAD; THE JOURNEY OF ODYSSEUS
The Iliad (Translated by Robert Fitzgerald)
Book 1: [Quarrel, Oath and Promise]
FROM Book 6: [Interludes in Field and City]
FROM Book 8: [The Battle Swayed by Zeus]
Book 9: [A Visit of Emissaries]
Book 16: [A Ship Fired, a Tide Turned]
Book 18: [The Immortal Shield]
Book 19: [The Avenger Fasts and Arms]
Book 22: [Desolation Before Troy]
Book 24: [A Grace Given in Sorrow]
The Odyssey (Translated by Robert Fitzgerald)
[Image: Achilles Killing the Amazon Queen]
[Photo: Statue of Poseidon (Zeus)]
In the World
Changing Gods: From Religion to Philosophy
[Image: Gandhara Buddha]
[Image: Confucius]
[Image: The School of Philosophy]
THE RIG VEDA [C. 1000 B.C.E.]
*IN THE BEGINNING BEFORE THE GODS (TRANSLATED BY DOMINIC GOODALL)
BUDDHIST TEXTS [5TH-1ST CENTURY B.C.E.]
*FROM MAJJHIMA NIK_YA (TRANSLATED BY H. C. WARREN)
[ON METAPHYSICAL QUESTIONS]
HERACLITUS [535-475 B.C.E.]
FROM FRAGMENTS (TRANSLATED BY PHILIP WHEELWRIGHT)
[CHANGE RUNS THE UNIVERSE]
ARISTOTLE [384-322 B.C.E.]
QUOTED IN SEXTUS EMPIRICUS
o from ADVERSUS DOGMATICOS (TRANSLATED BY FREDERICK C. GRANT)
[THE ORIGIN OF RELIGION]
[Image: The Philosophic Conversation]
EUHEMERUS [C. 300 B.C.E.]
o from SACRED HISTORY (TRANSLATED BY FREDERICK C. GRANT)
[ON THE ORIGIN OF THE GODS]
LUCRETIUS [96?-55? B.C.E.]
*THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE, BOOK III (TRANSLATED BY RONALD LATHAM)
[THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIGIN OF THE UNDERWORLD]
PHILO JUDEAUS [20?B.C.E.-50? C.E.]
*ON THE CREATION OF THE WORLD (TRANSLATED BY NAHUM N. GLATZER)
[Image: Statue of Praxiteles' Hermes and the Infant Dionysus]
SAPPHO [C. 600 B.C.E.]
(Translated by Mary Barnard)
“It's no use”
“Standing by my bed”
“Sleep, darling”
“Don't ask me what to wear”
“Lament for a maidenhead”
“He is more than a hero”
“You know the place: then”
“I have had not one word from her”
[Image: Female Author]
AESCHYLUS [525?-456 B.C.E.]
Agamemnon (Translated by Philip Vellacott)
The Eumenides
[Image: Mask of Agamemnon]
SOPHOCLES [496-406 B.C.E.]
Oedipus Rex (Translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald)
Antigone (Translated by Theodore Howard Banks)
[Image: Mounet as Oedipus Rex]
EURIPIDES [480-406 B.C.E.]
Medea (Translated by Philip Vellacott)
[Image: Medea Kills Her Son]
ARISTOPHANES [C. 450-386 B.C.E.]
Lysistrata (Translated by Charles T. Murphy)
[Image: Lysistrata]
PLATO [427?-347 B.C.E.]
(Translated by Benjamin Jowett)
Apology
FROM Phaedo
FROM The Republic
[Allegory of the Cave]
[Image: Socrates Philosophizing]
In the World
Heroes and Citizens
[Image: Standing Warrior]
[Image: Greek Warrior]
SHU JING (BOOK OF HISTORY) [518?-438 B.C.E.]
THE REIGN OF SHUN 8 (TRANSLATED BY JAMES LEGGE; MODERNIZED BY CLAE WALTHAM)
[IMAGE: PORTRAIT OF CONFUCIUS]
APOLLODORUS [FLOURISHED 2ND CENTURY B.C.E.]
BIBLIOTHECA (TRANSLATED BY SIR JAMES G. FRAZER)
[IMAGE: HERACLES AND GREEK HEROES]
AESCHYLUS [525-456 B.C.E.]
THE LIBATION BEARERS (TRANSLATED BY RICHMOND LATTIMORE)
[PRAYER TO THE DEAD]
[Image: Electra and Orestes]
THUCYDIDES [C. 460-C. 399 B.C.E.]
from THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR (TRANSLATED BY BENJAMIN JOWETT)
[PERICLES' FUNERAL ORATION]
[Image: Bust of Pericles]
DIOGENES LAERTIUS [FLOURISHED EARLY 3RD CENTURY]
*LIVES OF EMINENT PHILOSOPHERS (TRANSLATED BY R. D. HICKS)
[SOCRATES]
KAUTILYA [FL. 3RD CENTURY B.C.E.]
*THE TREATISE ON MATERIAL GAIN (ARTHASHASTRA) (TRANSLATED BY R. P. KANGLE)
[LOYALTY TESTS]
[INFORMERS]
ARISTOTLE [384-322 B.C.E.]
FROM METAPHYSICS (TRANSLATED BY PHILIP WHEELWRIGHT)
[ON PHILOSOPHICAL WISDOM]
FROM POETICS (TRANSLATED BY SAMUEL HENRY BUTCHER)
[ON TRAGEDY]
[IMAGES: BUST OF ARISTOTLE]
ROME
[Map: The Roman Empire]
[Image: Pont du Gard]
[Image: Model of Ancient Rome]
[Image: Female Artist
[Time and Place: Augustus Caesar and the Golden Age]
CATULLUS [C. 84-C. 54 B.C.E.]
(Translated by Horace Gregory)
2: “Sparrow, O, sweet sparrow”
3: “Dress now in sorrow, O all”
5: “Come, Lesbia, let us live and love”
8: “Poor damned Catullus, here's no time for nonsense,”
11: “Furius, Aurelius, bound to Catullus”
51: “He is changed to a god he who looks on her,”
76: “If man can find rich consolation, remembering his good deeds and all he has done,”
85: “I hate and love”
101: “Dear brother, I have come these many miles”
[Image: Lovers]
VIRGIL [70-19 B.C.E.]
The Aeneid (Translated by Frank O. Copley)
Book I: [Arriving in Carthage]
Book II: [The Fall of Troy]
Book III: [Aeneas' Journey]
Book IV: [Aeneas and Dido]
Book VI: [Aeneas Visits the Underworld]
[Image: Aeneas Wounded]
OVID [43 B.C.E.-18 C.E.]
Metamorphoses (Translated by Rolfe Humphries)
Book I
[The Creation]
[The Four Ages]
[Jove's Intervention]
[The Story of Lycaon]
[The Flood]
[Apollo and Daphne]
Book X
[The Story of Orpheus and Eurydice]
[The Story of Pygmalion]
[The Story of Adonis]
[Venus Tells Adonis the Story of Atalanta]
[The Fate of Adonis]
[Image: Europa and the Bull]
PETRONIUS [DIED 65 C.E.]
*The Satyricon (Translated by William Arrowsmith)
Dinner with Trimalchio
[Image: Banquet Scene]
INDIA
[Map: Aryan Migration into India, c. 1500-c. 1700 B.C.E.]
[Image: Recumbent Vishnu]
[Image: Terracotta Vase with Goat]
[Image Shiva]
[Image: Hindu Divinities Pay Homage to Buddha]
[Time and Place: Ancient India: Cycles of Time]
VEDIC LITERATURE
THE RIG VEDA [C. 1000 B.C.E.]
(Translated by Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty)
*Indra Slays the Dragon Vritra
*Hymn to the Sun God
*The Song of Purusha
*Hymn to the Horse
[Image: Vishnu Trivikrama]
THE UPANISHADS [9TH CENTURY B.C.E.-1ST CENTURY B.C.E.]
(Translated by Juan Mascaró)
FROM Maitri Upanishad [In the beginning]
FROM Kena Upanishad, Part 1 [Brahman]
FROM Katha Upanishad, Part 3 [Driving the Chariot]
FROM Chandogya Upanishad [Banyan Fruit and Salt]
RAMAYANA [C. 550 B.C.E.. - C. 400 C.E.]
FROM Book 1: Bala Kanda: Boyhood of Rama
(Translated by Swami Venkatesananda)
FROM Book 2: Ayodhya Kanda: Life in Ayodhya
(Translated by Swami Venkatesanada)
FROM Book 2: Ayodhya Kanda: Ayodhya
(Alternate translation by Sheldon I. Pollock)
FROM Book 3: Aranya Kanda: The Forest Life
FROM Book 5: Sundara Kanda: Beautiful Exploits of Hanuman
FROM Book 6: Yuddha Kanda: The Great War
FROM Book 7: Uttara Kanda: The Period after Coronation
(Translated by Swami Venkatesananda)
[Image: Sita's Marriage Procession]
THE MAHABHARATA [C. 400 B.C.E.- C. 400 C.E.]
FROM Book 2: Sabha Parva
[The Dice Game]
FROM Book 5: Udyoga Parva
[The Breakdown of a Peaceful Settlement]
FROM Book 6: Bhisma Parva
[The Defeat of Bhisma]
FROM Book 8: Karna Parva
[The Death of Karna]
FROM Book 9: Salya Parva
[The End of the War and Death of Duryodhana]
FROM Book 11: Stri Parva
[The Grief of the Survivors]
Book 12: Santi Parva
[The Pandavas Return]
(Translated by Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan)
[IMAGE: SANSKRIT TEXT]
BHAGAVAD GITA [C. 1ST CENTURY B.C.E.- 1ST CENTURY C.E.]
The First Teaching: Arjuna's Dejection
FROM The Second Teaching: Philosophy and Spiritual Discipline
FROM The Third Teaching: Discipline of Action
FROM The Sixth Teaching: The Man of Discipline
FROM The Eleventh Teaching: The Vision of Krishna's Totality
(Translated by Barbara Stoler Miller)
[Image: Temple of Vishnu]
In the World
Rulers and Empire
[Image: King Ashurbanipal]
[Image: Head of a Jain Tirthankara]
[Image: Warrior Fresco]
SARGON II [REIGNED 721-705 B.C.E.]
from THE FALL OF SAMARIA (TRANSLATED BY A. LEO OPPENHEIM)
[Image: Sargon II]
LAOZI (LAO TZU) [4TH OR 3RD CENTURY B.C.E.]
from DAO DE JING (TAO TE CHING) (TRANSLATED BY WITTER BYNNER)
30: ONE WHO WOULD GUIDE A LEADER OF MEN
[Image: Tomb of Confucius; Carving from Vimala Sha Temple]
MENCIUS (MENGZI) [371?-288? B.C.E.]
from MENCIUS (TRANSLATED BY D. C. LAU)
[COMPASSION]
JAINISM [3RD CENTURY B.C.E.-1ST CENTURY C.E.]
from UTTAR_DHYAYANA SUTRA, 9 (TRANSLATED BY A. L. BASHAM)
[TWO WAYS OF LIFE: KING AND MONK]
ASHOKA [C. 292 B.C.E.-C.232 B.C.E.]
* from ASOKAVADANA (TRANSLATED BY JOHN STRONG)
PLUTARCH [46 C.E.?-C. 120 C.E.]
o from MORALIA (TRANSLATED BY FRANK COLE BABBITT)
ON THE FORTUNE OF ALEXANDER
[IMAGE: ALEXANDER THE GREAT]
SUETONIUS [75-160 C. E.]
*THE LIVES OF THE TWELVE CAESARS (TRANSLATED BY ALEXANDER THOMSON)
JULIUS CAESAR
[IMAGE: BUST OF JULIUS CAESAR]
FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS [37-C.100 B.C.E.]
*THE JEWISH WARS (TRANSLATED BY G. A. WILLIAMSON)
[THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM]
BUDDHIST TEXTS [4TH CENTURY B.C.E-1ST CENTURY C.E.]
[Image: Siddhartha Goes to School]
ASHVAGHOSHA [C. 100 C.E.]
FROM the Life of Buddha (Translated by E. B. Cowell)
FROM SAMYUTTA NIK_YA
(Translated by A. L. Basham)
[The Sermon at Benares: The Four Noble Truths]
FROM MAJJHIMA NIK_YA
(Translated by A. L. Basham)
[Right Mindfulness]
FROM MAH_PARINIBB_NA SUTTA
(Translated by A. L. Basham)
[The Last Instructions of the Buddha]
CHINA
[Map: The Unification of China]
[Image: Mourners]
[Image: Votive Offerings of Laozi and Two Attendants]
[Image: Ritual Vessel]
[Time and Place: Ancient China: The Five Confucian Classics]
THE BOOK OF SONGS [C. 1000-600 B.C.E.]
(Translated by Arthur Waley)
17: “Plop fall the plums”
24: “I beg of you, Chung Tzu”
25: “The Lady says: 'The cock has crowed'”
26: “The Lady: The cock has crowed”
30: “Shu is away in the hunting-fields”
63: “In the wilds there is a dead doe”
75: “Tossed is that cypress boat”
131: “We plucked the bracken”
132: “We bring out our carts”
148: “How can you plead that you have no wraps?”
157: “They clear away the grass, the trees”
162: “The big field brings a heavy crop”
195: “Ting, ting goes the woodman's axe”
238: “She who in the beginning gave birth to the people”
241: “King W_n is on high”
[IMAGE: BRONZE BELL]
CONFUCIUS (KONGFUZI) [551-479 B.C.E.]
The Analects (Translated by Arthur Waley)
[On Confucius the Man]
[On Education]
[On Goodness]
[On Filial Piety]
[On Ritual and Music]
[On Religion]
[On Morality in Government]
[Image: Portrait of Confucius]
LAOZI (LAO TZU) [4TH OR 3RD CENTURY B.C.E.]
Dao De Jing (Translated by Gia-Fu Feng and Jane English)
1: “The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao”
15: “The ancient masters were subtle”
16: “Empty yourself of everything”
19: “Give up sainthood, renounce wisdom”
20: “Give up learning, and put an end to your troubles”
28: “Know the strength of man”
29: “Do you think you can take over the universe and improve it?”
36: “That which shrinks”
42: “The Tao begot one”
43: “The softest thing in the universe”
47: “Without going outside, you may know the whole world”
74: “If men are not afraid to die”
81: “Truthful words are not beautiful”
ZHUANGZI (CHUANG TZU) [4TH CENTURY B.C.E.]
Chuang Tzu: Basic Writings (Translated by Burton Watson)
[The Wasted Gourd]
[The Ailanthus Tree]
[Walking Two Roads]
[Penumbra and Shadow]
[The Dream and the Butterfly]
[Cutting Up the Ox]
[The Death of Lao Tan]
[Transformations]
[The Job Offer]
[Yuan-Chu Bird]
[What Fish Enjoy]
[Happiness]
[Death of Chuang Tzu's Wife]
[Gamecock]
[The Swimmer]
[Woodworker]
In the World
The Good Life
[Image: Plaaying Cithara]
HERODOTUS [C. 480-C. 425 B.C.E.]
THE PERSIAN WARS (TRANSLATED BY GEORGE RAWLINSON)
[SOLON ON HAPPINESS]
THE SVETASVATARA UPANISHAD [9TH CENTURY B.C.E.-1ST CENTURY
B.C.E.]
PART 2: [THE YOGIC PATH] (TRANSLATED BY JUAN MASCARÓ)
[Image: Ascetic Yogis]
CONFUCIUS [551-479 B.C.E.]
THE ANALECTS (TRANSLATED BY ARTHUR WALEY)
[ON GOODNESS]
EPICURUS [341?-270 B.C.E.]
from LETTER TO MENOECEUS (TRANSLATED BY PHILIP WHEELWRIGHT)
LETTER TO A FRIEND
[IMAGE: GREEK BATHING AND HUNTING SCENE]
CLEANTHES [331-233 B.C.E.]
*INVOCATION (TRANSLATED BY FREDERICK C. GRANT)
*HYMN TO ZEUS (TRANSLATED BY FREDERICK C. GRANT)
[IMAGE: HERA AND ZEUS]
MARCUS AURELIUS [121-180 C.E.]
*MEDITATIONS (TRANSLATED BY GEORGE LONG)
TO HIMSELF
[IMAGE: MARCUS AURELIUS]
BOOK 2
THE MIDDLE PERIOD
THE FIRST THROUGH FOURTEENTH CENTURIES
Time Line
Introduction
THE MIDDLE PERIOD
Comparative Time Line
THE NEAR EAST
[Map: The Spread of Christianity, 300-600]
[Image: Samaritan Woman at the Well]
[Map: Expansion of Islam to 750]
[Time and Place: The Near East: The Dome of the Rock (687-698 C. E.0]
THE NEW TESTAMENT [1ST CENTURY-2ND CENTURY]
The New Testament (Translated by Edgar Goodspeed; some parallel selections from the King
James Version)
From Luke 1-3 [The Birth, Youth, and Baptism of Jesus]
Matthew 5-7 [The Sermon on the Mount]
From Matthew 13,25 [Teachings of Jesus, Parables]
From Luke 10, 15 [Teachings of Jesus, Parables]
From Luke 22-24 [The Betrayal, Trial, Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus]
From First Corinthians 1, 7 ,11-13, 15 [Paul: On the Christian Life]
[Image: Head of Christ]
ST. AUGUSTINE [1ST CENTURY-2ND CENTURY]
The Confession (Translated John K. Ryan)
[Image: Baptism Scene]
Book I: Childhood: Chapters 1, 6-8, 12-13
Book II: Augustine's Sixteenth Year: Chapters 1-7
Book III: Later Youth: Chapters 1-5
Book VI: Years of Struggles: Chapters 1-5
Book VIII: The Grace of Faith: Chapters 5, 8, 11-12
THE KORAN
The Koran (Translated by N. J. Dawood)
[Map: Arabia in Muhammad's Lifetime; Image: Abbasid Qur'an]
Sura 1: [The Exordium]
FROM Sura 2: The Cow (1-72, 122-141,147-167, 176-200, 213-218)
FROM Sura 4: Women (1-35)
FROM Sura 5: The Table (15-120)
Sura 12: Joseph
Sura 19: Mary
Sura 21: The Prophets
Sura 55: The Merciful
Sura 56: That Which Is Coming
Sura 93: Daylight
Sura 96: Clots of Blood
Sura 109: The Unbelievers
Sura 110: Help
Sura 112: Oneness
MUHAMMAD IBN ISHAQ [704-767]
The Life of Muhammad (Translated by Alfred Guillaume)
Muhammad's Childhood and Early Manhood
[What Was Said to Amina When She Had Conceived the
Apostle]
[The Birth of the Apostle and His Suckling]
[Amina Dies and The Apostle Lives with his Grandfather]
[Abu Talib Becomes Guardian of the Apostle]
[The Story of Bahira]
[The Apostle of God Marries Khadija]
[The Prophet's Mission]
Muhammad's Call and Preaching in Mecca
[The Beginning of the Sending Down of the Koran]
[Khadija, Daughter of Khumaylid, Accepts Islam]
[The Prescription of Prayer]
[Ali ibn Abu Talib, the First Male To Accept Islam]
[The Apostle's Public Preaching and the Response]
[Al-Walid Ibn Al-Mughira]
[How the Apostle Was Treated by His Own People]
[The First One Who Pronounced the Koran Loudly]
[The First Migration to Abyssinia]
[The Night Journey and the Ascent to Heaven]
[The Ascent to Heaven]
[The Apostle Receives the Order to Fight]
Hijira, Campaigns from Medina, Occupation of Mecca, Conquest of
Arabia, Death of the Prophet
[The Hijra of the Prophet]
[The Call to Prayer]
[The Expedition of Ubayah Ibn Al-Harith]
[The Expedition of Abdullah Ibn Jahsh . . . ]
[The Causes that Led to the Occupation of Mecca]
[The Year of the Deputations]
[The Farewell Pilgrimage]
[The Beginning of the Apostle's Illness]
[The Apostle's Illness in the House of 'A'isha]
[The Burial Preparations]
[Image: Mecca]
In the World
Kings, Conquerors, and Fighting Saints
[Image: Mongol Warriors]
[Image: Charlemagne with His Son, Pepin]
[Image: Joan of Arc]
Einhard [c. 770-840]
From A Life of Charlemagne (Translated by Lewis Thorpe)
Book III: The Emperor's Private Life
[Image: Equestrian Statuette of Charlemagne]
Anna Comnena [1083-1153]
From The Alexiad (Translated by E. R. A. Sewter0
Book 10
Baha Ad-Din [1145-1234]
From A Life of Saladin (Translated by Francesco Gabrieli. Translated into English by E. J. Costello)
[Image: Portrait of Saladin]
Anonymous [thirteenth century]
From The Origin of Chingis Khan (Translated by Paul Kahn)
[Image: Chingis Khan Fighting Chinese in Mountains]
Joan of Arc and Witnesses [c. 1429-1456]
From Joan of Arc by Herself and Her Witnesses (Translated by Regine Pernoud. Translated into English by Edward Hyams)
[Image: The Liberation of Orleans]
INDIA
Map: The Gupta Empire, c. 400
Image: Palace Scene
Time and Place: India: The Gupta Dynasty and the Reign of Chandragupta II (376-415 C. E.)
*THE TAMIL ANTHOLOGIES [C. 100-250]
FROM The Tamil Anthologies (Translated by A.K. Ramanujan)
KAPILAR
What She Said
ALLUR NANMULLAI
What She Said
ORERULAVANAR
What He Said
NANNAKAIYAR
What She Said
KAMAKKANNIYAR
A King's Double Nature
CERAMAN KANAIKKAL IRUMPORAI
A King's Last Words
KAVARPENTU
Mothers
AUVAIYAR
A Chariot Wheel
KAPILAR
His Hill
VANPARANAR
A Woman and Her Dying Warrior
VERIPATIYA KAMAKKANNIYAR
A Leaf in Love and War
KAMAKKANNIYAR NACELLAIYAR
Mothers
KALIDASA [FLOURISHED 375-415]
Shakuntala (Translated by Barbara Stoler Miller)
[Image: Lovers]
CHINA
[Map: The Tang Empire, 618-294]
[Image: Two Horsemen]
[Image: Court Ladies]
[Time and Place: China: The Silk Road, Highway to the World]
TAO QIAN [365-427]
The Gentleman of the Five Willow Trees (Translated by James Robert Hightower)
Substance, Shadow, and Spirit (Translated by James Robert Hightower)
Back Home Again Chant (Translated by David Hinton)
Home Again Among Gardens and Fields (Translated by David Hinton)
FROM A Reply to Secretary Kuo (Translated by James Robert Hightower)
In the Sixth Month of 408, Fire (Translated by James Robert Hightower)
Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas (Translated by David Hinton)
Elegy for Myself (Translated by David Hinton)
[Image: Daoist Deities Vase]
POETS OF THE T'ANG DYNASTY [8TH CENTURY]
[Image: The Emperor Xuanzong Watching His Favorite Concubine, Yuang Guifei, Mount a Horse, 712-756]
[Image: Female Musician]
*WANG WEI [699-761]
To Subprefect Chang (Translated by Irving Y. Lo)
FROM The Wang River Collection
Huatzu Hill (Translated by G.W. Robinson)
Deer Park (Translated by Sam Hamill)
Magnolia Park (Translated by G.W. Robinson)
At Lake Yi (Translated by Sam Hamill)
Bamboo Mile Lodge (Translated by Burton Watson)
Hermitage at Chung-nan Mountain (Translated by Sam Hamill)
Crossing the Yellow River (Translated by Sam Hamill)
Seeing Someone Off (Translated by Irving Y. Lo)
[Image: Group of Musicians]
LI BAI [701-762]
Going to Visit Tai-T'ien Mountain's Master of the Way Without Finding Him
(Translated by David Hinton)
Ch'ang-kan Village Song (Translated by David Hinton)
Drinking Alone Beneath the Moon (Translated by David Hinton)
Searching for Master Yung (Translated by Jerome P. Seaton)
Seeing Off a Friend (Translated by Jerome P. Seaton)
Teasing Tu Fu (Translated by David Hinton)
Drinking in the Mountains with a Recluse (Translated by David Hinton)
Sent to My Two Little Children in the East of Lu (Translated by Burton Watson)
[Image: Li Bai]
DU FU [712-770]
To Li Po on a Winter Day (Translated by Sam Hamill)
P'eng-ya Song (Translated by David Hinton)
Moonlit Night (Translated by David Hinton)
Dreaming of Li Po (Translated by David Hinton)
Restless Night (Translated by Burton Watson)
Flying from Trouble (Translated by Florence Ayscough)
Spring Night, Delighted by Rain (Translated by David Hinton)
Thoughts Traveling at Night (Translated by David Hinton)
[Image: Du Fu, eighteenth century]
BO JUYI [772-846]
Watching the Reapers (Translated by Arthur Waley)
Passing T'ien-men Street in Ch'ang-an and Seeing a Distant View of Chung-nan
Mountains (Translated by Arthur Waley)
An Old Charcoal Seller (Translated by David Hinton)
Buying Flowers (Translated by David Hinton)
Winter Night (Translated by David Hinton)
On the Boat, Reading Yüan Chen's Poems (Translated by David Hinton)
Idle Song (Translated by David Hinton)
Madly Singing in the Mountains (Translated by Arthur Waley)
Autumn Pool (Translated by David Hinton)
ARABIA AND PERSIA
[Map: Islamic States, c. 1000]
[Image: Chess Players]
[Image: Abbasid Qur'an]
[Time and Place: Arabia and Persia: Baghdad in the Reign of Harun al-Rashid (789-809)
IMRU' AL-QUAYS [DIED 540]
Mu'allaqah (Translated by Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych)
ABOLQASEM FERDOWSI [932-1025]
The Epic of the Kings
FROM The Tragedy of Sohrad and Rostam (Translated by Jerome W. Clinton)
[The First Battle]
[The Interval]
[The Second Day]
[The Death of Sohrab]
[Rostam Asks Kay Kavus for the Nushdaru]
[Rostam Mourns Sohrab]
[Rostam Conveys His Son to Zabolestan]
[Image: Scene from the Shahnama]
FARID UD-DIN ATTAR [1145-1221]
The Conference of the Birds (Translated by Afhkam Darbandi and Dick Davis)
[Image: Phoenix Tile]
*JALALODDIN RUMI [1207-1283]
FROM The Essential Rumi (Translated by Coleman Barks)
A Basket of Fresh Bread
I Come Before Dawn
Checkmate
When You are with Everyone But Me
The Food Sack
The Gift of Water
Only Breath
[Image: Rumi Frontispiece]
THE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS [13TH-14TH CENTURIES]
The Thousand and One Nights (Translated by Hussain Haddawy)
Prologue [The Tale of King Shahrayar and of His Brother, Shahrazad]
[The Tale of the Ox and the Donkey]
[The Tale of the Merchant and his Wife]
[The Story of the Merchant and the Demon]
[The First Old Man's Tale]
[The Second Old Man's Tale]
[Image: Illustration from The Thousand and One Nights]
Conclusion (Translated by Powys Mathers)
EUROPE
[Map: Europe and Mediterranean, c. 1050]
[Image: The Coronation of Charlemagne]
[Image: The Auzon Casket]
[Time and Place: Europe: Chartres Cathedral of Notre Dame [Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries]
BEOWULF [8TH CENTURY-10TH CENTURY]
Beowulf (Translated by Charles W. Kennedy)
[Image: Anglo-Saxon Helmet; Map: People and Places in Beowulf]
THE SONG OF ROLAND [LATE 11TH CENTURY]
The Song of Roland (Translated and annotated by Frederick Goldin)
Laisses 1-3, 5, 8-10, 12-15, 20-26, 28-33, 38, 43-46, 52-61, 64-68, 80-93, 104-106, 110, 112, 126-137, 145-157, 160-165, 167-184, *268-289
[Map: The Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne 768-814; Image: Scenes from The Song of Roland]
In the World
Muslim and Christian at War
[Image: Battle between Christians and Muslims]
[Image: Council at Clermont]
[Image: Muslim Troops Leaving a Fortress]
*ROBERT THE MONK [FLOURISHED 1095]
POPE URBAN II'S CALL TO THE FIRST CRUSADE (TRANSLATED BY FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG)
[Image: Map of Jerusalem]
*HISTORY OF THE FIRST CRUSADE [EARLY 12TH CENTURY]
from HISTORY OF THE FIRST CRUSADE (TRANSLATED BY JAMES B. ROSS)
[Image: Crusader]
IBN AL-ATHIR [1160-1233]
from THE COLLECTION OF HISTORIES (TRANSLATED BY FRANCESCO GABRIELI. TRANSLATED FROM THE ITALIAN BY E. J. COSTELLO)
USAMAH IBN MUNQUID [1095-1190]
from THE BOOK OF REFLECTIONS (TRANSLATED BY PHILIP K. HITTI)
CONON DE BETHUNE [DIED 1224]
“ALAS, LOVE, WHAT HARD LEAVE/ I MUST TAKE” (TRANSLATED BY FREDERICK GOLDIN)
ANDREAS CAPELLANUS [FLOURISHED 1170-1186]
The Art of Courtly Love (Translated by John J. Parry)
Book I: Introduction to the Treatise on Love
Book II: How Love May Be Retained
[Image: Eleanor of Aquitaine]
In the Tradition
The Courtly Love Lyrics of Muslim Spain, the South of France, and Europe [11th Century-13th Century]
Image: Lovers
Image: Troubadour
IBN HAZM [994-1064]
from THE DOVE'S NECKLACE (TRANSLATED BY A. J. ARBERRY)
MY LOVE COMES (TRANSLATED BY WILLIS BARNSTONE)
IBN FARAJ [DIED 976]
CHASTITY TRANSLATED BY COLA FRANZEN)
IBN ZAYDUN [1004-1070]
WRITTEN FROM AL-ZAHRA (TRANSLATED BY COLA FRANZEN)
WALLADA [DIED 1077]
TO IBN ZAYDUN (TRANSLATED BY JAMES T. MONROE AND DEIRDRE LASHGARI)
JUDAH HA-LEVY [C. 1070-1141]
THE APPLE (TRANSLATED BY DAVID GOLDSTEIN)
IBN AL-LABBANA [DIED 1113]
“HE WHO HAS CHARGED THE EYES...”(TRANSLATED BY LINDA FISH COMPTON)
IBN QUZMAN [C. 1080-1160]
“I AM MADLY IN LOVE” (TRANSLATED BY JAMES T. MONROE)
GUILLAME IX, WILLIAM OF AQUITAINE [1071-1127]
(TRANSLATED BY FREDERICK GOLDIN)
“MY COMPANIONS, I AM GOING TO MAKE A VERS THAT IS REFINED”
“NOW WHEN WE SEE THE MEADOWS ONCE AGAIN”
[IMAGE: SONGBOOK]
MARCABRU [FLOURISHED 1129-1150]
“BY THE FOUNTAIN IN THE ORCHARD” (TRANSLATED BY FREDERICK GOLDIN)
BERNART DE VENTADORN [FLOURISHED 1150-1180]
“MY HEART IS SO FULL OF JOY” (TRANSLATED BY FREDERICK GOLDIN)
RAIMBAUT D'ORANGE [FLOURISHED 1162-1173]
“LISTEN, LORDS . . . BUT I DON'T KNOW WHAT” (TRANSLATED BY FREDERICK GOLDIN)
COUNTESS OF DIA [FLOURISHED 1160]
(TRANSLATED BY MAGDA BOGIN)
“I'VE LATELY BEEN IN GREAT DISTRESS”
“OF THINGS I'D RATHER KEEP IN SILENCE I MUST SING”
CASTELLOZA [FLOURISHED 1212]
“MY FRIEND, IF I FOUND YOU WELCOMING” (TRANSLATED BY PETER DRONKE)
MARIE DE FRANCE [2ND HALF OF 12TH CENTURY]
(Translated by Robert Hanningand Joan Ferrante)
The Lay of Chevrefoil (The Honeysuckle)
[IMAGE: MIRROR OF LOVE]
DANTE ALIGHIERI [1265-1321]
The Divine Comedy (Translated by Robert Pinsky)
The Inferno
[Image: Dante and Virgil]
GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO [1313-1375]
The Decameron (Translated by Richard Aldington)
The First Day
The Third Day, Tenth Tale
The Fourth Day, First Tale
Conclusion
[Image: The First Day]
GEOFFREY CHAUCER [C. 1340-1400]
The Canterbury Tales (Translated by Theodore Morrison)
FROM The General Prologue
Prologue to the Wife of Bath's Tale
The Wife of Bath's Tale
[Image: The Wife of Bath]
In the World
Pilgrimage and Travel
[IMAGE: WOMEN SHOPPING]
[IMAGE: PILGRIMS]
[IMAGE: MAP OF NORTH AFRICA AND SOUTHERN SPAIN, 1375]
EGERIA [LATE 4TH CENTURY]
EGERIA'S TRAVELS (TRANSLATED BY JOHN WILKINSON)
[MT. SINAI]
IBN JUBAYR [C. 1145 - C. 1217]
TRAVELS OF IBN JUBAYR (TRANSLATED BY R. J. C. BROADHURST)
[THE GREAT MOSQUE AND THE KA' BA AT MECCA]
[IMAGE: MUSLIM PILGRIMS]
XUANZANG [596-664]
RECORDS OF WESTERN COUNTRIES (TRANSLATED BY SAMUEL BEAL)
[THE KINGDOM OF MAGHADA AND THE BODHI TREE]
GIOVANNI DA PIAN DI CARPINE [C. 1185-1252]
HISTORY OF THE MONGOLS (TRANSLATED BY A NUN OF STANBROOK ABBEY)
[EMBASSY TO THE GUYUK, THE GREAT KHAN]
LETTER OF THE GREAT KHAN GUYUK TO POPE INNOCENT IV
MARCO POLO [1254-1324]
THE TRAVELS OF MARCO POLO (TRANSLATED BY RONALD LATHAM)
[CROSSING THE GOBI DESERT]
[KUBLAH KHAN'S PALACE AT SHANDU]
[PAPER CURRENCY]
[THE GENEROSITY OF THE GREAT KHAN]
[IMAGE: KUBLAI KHAN RECEIVING THE POLOS]
IBN BATTUTA [1304-1377]
THE TRAVELS OF IBN BATTUTA (TRANSLATED BY H.A.R. GIBB; REVISED BY C. DEFRÉMERY AND B. R. SANGUINETTI )
[JERUSALEM: THE MOSQUE AND THE DOME OF THE ROCK]
[MECCA: THE GREAT MOSQUE AND THE KA'BA]
[CONSTANTINOPLE: THE AYA SUFIYA (HAGIA SOPHIA)]
MARGERY KEMPE [1373-1438]
The Book of Margery Kempe (Translated by W. Butler-Bowden)
FROM Chapters 1-3, 11, 18, 26, 28-29
JAPAN
[Map: Early Japan, 600-800]
[Image: Prince Genji]
[Time and Place; Japan: The No Drama (Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries)
THE MAN'YOSHU [8TH CENTURY]
[Image: Buddhist Goddess]
PRINCESS NUKADA [FLOURISHED 660-690]
(Translated by Ian Hideo Levy)
Her Judgment Between the Brilliance of Spring and the Colors on the Autumn Hillside
When She Went Down to the Land of Omi
KAKINOMOTO HITOMARO [FLOURISHED 680-700]
(Translated by Ian Hideo Levy)
When He Passed the Ruined Capital at Omi
At the Time of the Temporary Enshrinement of Prince Takechi at Kinoe
When He Parted from His Wife in the Land of Iwami: I and II
On the Death of His Wife: I and II
Upon Seeing a Dead Man Lying among the Rocks on the Island of Samine
Written in His Own Sorrow as He Was About to Die in Iwami
YAMANOUE OKURA
(Translated by Steven D. Carter)
A Lament on the Evanescence of Life
Dialogue between Poverty and Destitution
Longing for His Son Furuhi
OTOMO YAKAMOCHI [718-785]
Lament Addressed to His Son-in Law, Fujiwara Nakachiko (Translated by Robert H.
Brower and Earl Miner)
THE KOKINSHU [C. 905]
(Translated by Laurel Rasplica Rodd with Mary Catherine Henkenius)
KI NO TSURAYUKI, FROM The Japanese Preface
2. KI NO TSURAYUKI, Written on the First Day of Spring
43. LADY ISE, Plum Trees Blooming Near a Stream
84. KI NO TOMONORI, Falling Cherry Blossoms
113. ONO NO KOMACHI, “The colors of the blossoms / have faded”
162. KI NO TSURAYUKI, Hearing a Nightingale Singing in the Mountains
297. KI NO TSURAYUKI, On Going to Pick Autumn Leaves at Kitayama
304. OSHIKOCHI NO MITSUNE, On Seeing the Autumn Leaves Falling near a Pond
381. KI NO TSURAYUKI, Parting from Someone
412. ANONYMOUS, “Hauntingly they cry / the northbound geese”
552. ONO NO KOMACHI, “In love-tormented / sleep I saw him”
553. ONO NO KOMACHI, “Since that brief sleep when / first I saw”
554. ONO NO KOMACHI, “When my yearning grows / unendurable”
565. KI NO TOMONORI, “Like the jewel-weeds / swaying in the depths”
635. ONO NO KOMACHI, “The autumn night was / long in name only”
644. ARIWARA NO NARIHIRA, “How fleeting the dream / of the night we two”
645. ANONYMOUS, “Did you come to me / or did I go to you”
646. ARIWARA NO NARIHIRA, “I am lost in the / total darkness of my heart”
658. ONO NO KOMACHI, “Though my feet never / cease running to him”
747. ARIWARA NO NARIHIRA, “Is this not that moon”
791. LADY ISE, Written When She Saw the Fires in the Fields . . .
797. ONO NO KOMACHI, “That which fades within”
804. KI NO TSURAYUKI, “Like the cries of the / first wild geese”
822. ONO NO KOMACHI, “Lonely ears of grain / lie scattered on the field”
842. KI NO TSURAYUKI, Composed on the Way to a Mountain Temple
861. ARIWARA NO NARIHIRA, Composed When He Was Ill and Weak
938. ONO NO KOMACHI, “I have sunk to the / bottom”
1030. ONO NO KOMACHI, “No moon lights the night”
[Image: Ariwara no Narihira]
SEI SHONAGON [C. 966-1017]
The Pillow Book (Translated by Ivan Morris)
In Spring It Is the Dawn
Especially Delightful Is the First Day
The Sliding Screen in the Back of the Hall
When I Make Myself Imagine
Depressing Things
Hateful Things
It Is So Stiflingly Hot
Things That Cannot Be Compared
Embarrassing Things
When His Excellency, the Chancellor, Had Departed
When a Woman Lives Alone
When a Court Lady Is on Leave
It Is Delightful When There Has Been a Thin Fall of Snow
When I First Went into Waiting
Wind Instruments
Shortly After the Twentieth of the Ninth Month
Pleasing Things
Times When One Should Be on One's Guard
It Is Getting So Dark
MURASAKI SHIKIBU, LADY MURASAKI [978-1030]
The Tale of Genji (Translated by Edward G. Seidensticker)
Chapter 2: The Broom Tree
Chapter 4: Evening Faces
Chapter 25: Fireflies
[IMAGE; LADY MURASAKI]
THE TALE OF THE HEIKE [1371]
The Tale of Heike (Translated by Helen Craig McCullough)
FROM Chapter One
Gion Shoja
The Sea Bass
Gio
FROM Chapter Six
The Death of Kiyomori
FROM Chapter Seven
Tadanori's Flight from the Capital
FROM Chapter Nine
The Death of Atsumori
FROM The Initiates' Chapter
The Imperial Lady Goes to Ohara
The Imperial Journey to Ohara
The Imperial Lady Becomes a Nun
The Matter of the Six Paths
The Death of the Imperial Lady
ZEAMI MOTOKIYO [1364-1443]
Atsumori (Translated by Arthur Waley)
BOOK 3
EARLY MODERN WORLD
THE FIFTEENTH THROUGH SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES
Time Line
Introduction
Comparative Time Line
AFRICA
[Map: African peoples and kingdoms]
[Time and Place: Fourteenth-Century Africa: Timbuktu
SUNJATA [14TH CENTURY]
Sunjata: Gambian Version of the Mande Epic
Narrated by Bambo Suso (Translated by Gordon Innes)
[Image: Mande Staff Finial]
EUROPE
[Map: Renaissance Europe]
[Image: Departure of Vasco da Gama]
[Image: Benozzo di Lese di Sandro Gozzoli, Lorenzo de' Medici]
[Image: Queen Elizabeth]
[Time and Place: Renaissance Europe: Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press]
FRANCESCO PETRARCH [1304-1374]
The Ascent of Mount Ventoux (Translated by Mark Musa)
Canzoniere (Translated by Patricia Clark Smith)
1: "Oh you, who in these scattered rhymes may find"
3: "It was the very day the sun's own light"
90: "Sometimes she'd comb her yellow braids out loose"
148: "Not Tiber, Tesin, Po, nor Arno, Rhone"
164: "All silent now lie earth and wind and sky"
292: "Those eyes I raved about in ardent rhyme"
310: "West Wind comes leading into warmth and light"
333: "Go forth, my elegies, to that hard stone"
[Image: Petrarch]
In the Tradition
European Love Lyrics
[IMAGE: EROS AND PSYCHE]
[IMAGE: THE GARDEN OF LOVE]
GARCILASO DE LA VEGA [C. 1501-1536]
WHILE THERE IS STILL THE COLOR OF A ROSE (TRANSLATED BY EDWIN MORGAN)
YOUR FACE IS WRITTEN IN MY SOUL (TRANSLATED BY EDWIN MORGAN)
SIR THOAMS WYATT [1503-1542]
WHOSO LIST TO HUNT
THEY FLEE FROM ME
MAURICE SCÈVE [1510-1566]
"THE DAY WE PASSED TOGETHER FOR AWHILE" (TRANSLATED BY PATRICIA CLARK SMITH)
GASPARA STAMPA [C. 1523-1554]
LOVE, HAVING ELEVATED HER TO HIM, INSPIRED HER VERSES (TRANSLATED BY FRANK J. WARNKE)
SHE DOES NOT FEAR AMOROUS PAIN, BUT RATHER ITS END (TRANSLATED BY FRANK J. WARNKE)
PIERRE DE RONSARD [1524-1585]
TO CASSANDRE (TRANSLATED BY DAVID SANDERS)
TO HELENE (TRANSLATED BY DAVID SANDERS)
[IMAGE: HYANTE AND CLIMENE AT THEIR TOILETTE]
LOUISE LABÉ [1525-1566]
(TRANSLATED BY WILLIS BARNSTONE)
SONNET 18: "KISS ME AGAIN"
SONNET 19: "AFTER HAVING SLAIN VERY MANY BEASTS "
LOPE DE VEGA [1562-1635]
WOMAN IS OF MAN THE BEST (TRANSLATED BY PERRY HIGMAN)
STRANGER TO LOVE, WHOEVER LOVES NOT THEE (TRANSLATED BY IAN FLETCHER)
A SONNET ALL OF A SUDDEN (TRANSLATED BY DOREEN BELL)
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE [1564-1616]
*SONNET 18: "SHALL I COMPARE THEE TO A SUMMER'S DAY?"
*SONNET 116: "LET ME NOT TO THE MARRIAGE OF TRUE MINDS"
*SONNET 129: "TH'EXPENSE OF SPIRIT IN A WASTE OF SHAME"
SONNET 130: "MY MISTRESS' EYES ARE NOTHING LIKE THE SUN"
JOHN DONNE [1572-1631]
THE GOOD MORROW
A VALEDICTION: FORBIDDING MOURNING
TO HIS MISTRESS GOING TO BED
HOLY SONNET 14: “BATTER MY HEART, THREE-PERSONED GOD . . . “
[Images: The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa; The Rape of Ganymede by Eagle of Zeus]
ANNE BRADSTREET [1612-1672]
A LETTER TO HER HUSBAND, ABSENT UPON PUBLIC
EMPLOYMENT
ANDREW MARVELL [1621-1678]
TO HIS COY MISTRESS
SOR JUANA INES DE LA CRUZ [1648-1695]
LOVE, AT FIRST, IS FASHIONED OF AGITATION (TRANSLATED BY S. G. MORLEY)
IN WHICH SHE RESTRAINS A FANTASY SATISFYING IT WITH DECENT LOVE (TRANSLATED BY FRANK J. WARNKE)
THE RHETORIC OF TEARS (TRANSLATED BY FRANK J. WARNKE)
[IMAGE: SOR JUANA INES DEL LA CRUZ]
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI [1469-1527]
The Prince (Translated by Allan H. Gilbert)
Chapters 2-3
Chapters 15-19
Chapter 25
[Image: Cesare Borgia]
In the World
Fashioning the Prince
[Image: Falconer]
NIZAM AL-MULK [1018/19-1092]
from THE BOOK OF GOVERNMENT (TRANSLATED BY HUBERT DARKE)
[Image: Seljuk Sultan]
IBN KHALDUN [1332-1406]
from IL MUQADDIMAH (TRANSLATED BY CHARLES ISSAWI)
[Image: Sultan]
VESPASIANO DA BISTICCI [1421-1498]
MEMOIRS (TRANSLATED BY WILLIAM GEORGE AND EMILY WATERS)
[COSIMO DE MEDICI--THE MERCHANT PRINCE]
BALDESAR CASTIGLIONE [1478-1520]
*THE COURTIER (TRANSLATED BY CHARLES S. SINGLETON)
BOOK I
from CHAPTERS 14-26
ABU'L FAZL [1551-?]
*from INSTITUTES OF AKBAR (TRANSLATED BY H. BLOCHMANN)
HAYASHI RAZAN (DOSHUN) [1583-1657]
*[ON MASTERY OF THE ARTS OF PEACE AND WAR] (TRANSLATED BY RYUSAIU TSUNODA, WM. THEODORE DE BARY, AND DONALD KEENE)
*from ESSAY ON THE EMPEROR JIMMU (TRANSLATED BY RYUSAIU TSUNODA, WM. THEODORE DE BARY, AND DONALD KEENE)
[Image: Toyotomi Hideyoshi]
MARGUERITE DE NAVARRE [1492-1549]
[Portrait of Marguerite de Navarre]
The Heptameron (Translated by John Smith Chartres)
FROM Tale 9: On the Virtue of Women
Tale 10: Florida and Amadour
MICHEL EYQUEM DE MONTAIGNE [1533-1592]
[Portrait of Montaigne]
Essays (Translated by Donald M. Frame)
Of Cannibals
[Image: Michel de Montaigne]
In the World
Discovery and Confrontation
[Image: The Arrival of Vasco da Gama in Calcutta]
[Map: Early Voyages of World Exploration]
ANONYMOUS [15TH CENTURY]
A JOURNAL OF THE FIRST VOYAGE OF VASCO DA GAMA, 1497-1499 (TRANSLATED BY E. G. RAVENSTEIN)
CALECUT
NZINGA MBEMBA [1490?-1543?]
LETTER TO THE KING OF PORTUGAL (TRANSLATED BY ????)
[The Consequences of the Slave Trade]
The Origins of Slaving
A Call for Aid
MATTEO RICCI [1552-1610]
THE DIARY OF MATTHEW RICCI (TRANSLATED BY LOUIS J. GALLAGHER, S.J.)
[THE ART OF PRINTING AND THE MAKING OF FANS]
[CHINESE MEDICINE AND EDUCATION]
[THE LITERATI]
[IMAGE: MATTEO RICCI]
EVLIYA ÇELEBI (1611-1684)
from THE BOOK OF TRAVELS (TRANSLATED BY ROBERT DANKOFF)
[THE COURT OF ABDAL KHAN, GOVERNOR OF BITLIS]
[IMAGE: OTTOMAN COURT]
ZHANG TING-YU (CHANG T'ING-YU) [1672-1755]
HISTORY OF THE MING (TRANSLATED BY DUN J. LI)
[THE VOYAGES OF ZHENG HE]
[IMAGE: THE EMPEROR YONGLE]
MIGUEL DE CERVANTES SAAVEDRA [1547-1616]
Don Quixote (Translated by John Ormsby)
FROM Parts I and II
[Image: Don Quixote]
CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE [1564-1593]
Doctor Faustus
[Image: Doctor Faustus]
In the World
Humanism, Learning, and Education
[IMAGE: PAGE FROM THE COMMONPLACE BOOK]
IBN SINA (AVICENNA) [980-1037]
FROM AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF AVICENNA (TRANSLATED BY ARTHUR J. ARBERRY)
[IMAGE: THE CANON]
ZHU XI (CHU HIS) [1130-1200]
MEMORIAL ON THE PRINCIPLES OF STUDY (TRANSLATED BY CLARA YU)
GIOVANI PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA [1463-1494]
from ON THE DIGNITY OF MAN (TRANSLATED BY CHARLES GLENN WALLIS)
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI [1469-1527]
LETTER TO FRANCESCO VETTORI (TRANSLATED BY CHARLES GLENN WALLIS)
ABD AL-QADIR BADA'UNI [1540-C. 1615]
FROM SELECTED HISTORIES (TRANSLATED BY PETER HARDY; REVISED BY CHRISTOPHER BRUNNER AND DAVID LELYVELD)
[AKBAR IN THE COMPANY OF LEARNED MEN]
[IMAGE: MUGHAL COURT SCENE]
FRANCIS BACON [1567-1626]
from THE NEW ATLANTIS
[THE HOUSE OF SALOMON]
TIRSO DE MOLINA [C. 1580-1648]
THE LOVE ROGUE OF SEVILLE (TRANSLATED BY ROY CAMPBELL)
ACT III, SCENES 14-16
JOHN MILTON [1608-1674]
*from AREOPAGITICA
NANAK [1469-1538]
*from ADI GRANTH (TRANSLATED BY DR. TILOCHAN SINGH, BHAI JOHD SING, KAPUR SINGH, BAWA HARKISHEN SING, AND KHUSHWANT SINGH)
MARTIN LUTHER [1483-1546]
SPEECH AT THE DIET OF WORMS (TRANSLATED BY ROGER A. HORNSBY)
LI ZHI [1527-1602]
*ON THE CHILD MIND (TRANSLATED BY STEPHEN OWEN)
YAMAZAKI ANSAI [1618-1682]
*from PREFACE TO THE COLLECTION COMMENTARIES ON CHU HSI'S REGULATIONS FOR THE SCHOOL OF THE WHITE DEER CAVE I (TRANSLATED BY RYUSAKU TSUNODA, WM. THEODORE DE BARY, AND DONALD KEENE)
[PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATION]
[THE FIVE REGULATIONS]
YAMAGA SOKO [1622-1685]
*from THE WAY OF THE SAMURAI (TRANSLATED BY RYUSAKU TSUNODA, WM. THEODORE DE BARY, AND DONALD KEENE)
*from THE ESSENCE OF CONFUCIANISM (TRANSLATED BY RYUSAKU TSUNODA, WM. THEODORE DE BARY, AND DONALD KEENE)
*from AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY IN EXILE (TRANSLATED BY RYUSAKU TSUNODA, WM. THEODORE DE BARY, AND DONALD KEENE)
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE [1564-1616]
[Portrait of Shakespeare]
The Tempest
PEDRO CALDERÓN DE LA BARCA [1600-1681]
*Life is a Dream (Translated by Roy Campbell)
JOHN MILTON [1608-1674]
Paradise Lost
FROM Books 1, 2, and 3
FROM Book 4
Book 9
FROM Book 12
In the World
Challenging Orthodoxy
[IMAGE: FRONTISPIECE TO GALILEO'S DIALOGUE]
[IMAGE: MARTIN LUTHER AT WITTENBURG]
MARTIN LUTHER [148301546]
SPEECH AT THE DIET OF WORMS (TRANSLATED BY ROGER A. HORSBY)
[HERE I STAND]
[IMAGE: MARTIN LUTHER]
NANAK [1469-?1539]
FROM ADI GRANTH (TRANSLATED BY DR. TRILOCHAN SINGH, BHAI JODH SINGH, KAPUR SINGH, BAWA HARKISHEN SINGH, AND KHUSHWANT SINGH)
LI ZHI (LHI CHIH) [1527-1602]
ON THE CHILD-MIND (TRANSLATED BY STEPHEN OWEN)
[IMAGE: YIN AND YANG]
JOHN MILTON [1608-1674]
FROM AREOPAGITICA
NICOLAS COPERNICUS [1473-1543]
from ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF HEAVENLY BODIES (TRANSLATED BY EDWARD ROSEN)
[Image: The Earth]
GALILEO GALILEI [1564-1642] AND JOHANNES KEPLER [1571-1630]
[GALILEO-KEPLER CORRESPONDENCE] (TRANSLATED BY MARY MARTIN MCLAUGHLIN)
[IMAGE: GALILEO]
THE AMERICAS
[Map: European Colonization of the Americas]
[Map: The Aztec Empire]
[Image: Model of Tenochitlan]
[Image: Totonac Indians Carrying Equipment for the Conquistadors]
[Time and Place: The Aztecs and Sacrifice]
THE ANCIENT MEXICANS [16TH CENTURY]
MYTHS OF CREATION (Translated by David M. Johnson)
The Creation of the Earth
How the Sun and Moon Were Created
The Creation of Man and Woman
[Image: Creation Myth]
THE MYTH OF QUETZALCOATL (Translated by David M. Johnson)
The Birth of Ce Acatl
Ce Acatl Avenges His Father's Murder
Becoming a Priest and Ruler of the Toltecs
The Temptation and Fall of Quetzalcoatl
The Journey to the Black and Red Land
Quetzalcoatl's Death of Resurrection
[Image: Quetzalcoatl]
THE POETRY OF NEZAHUALCOYOTL (Translated by Miguel León Portilla)
"I, Nezahaulcoyotl, ask this"
"Are You real, are you rooted?"
"With flowers you write"
"I comprehend the secret, the hidden"
"I am intoxicated, I weep, I grieve"
"There, alone, in the interior of heaven"
THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO (Translated by Angel Maria Garibay K., Lysander Kemp, and
David M. Johnson; edited by Miguel León Portilla)
A Defense of Aztec Religion (Translated by David M. Johnson and Armando Jimarez)
[Image: Cortes Route]
In the World
Europe Meets America
[Image: Cortes Arriving in the New World]
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS [C. 1451-1506]
from DIARIO (TRANSLATED BY ROBERT H. FUSON)
[IMAGE: MAP OF THE NEW WORLD]
HERNAN CORTÉS [1485-1547]
LETTERS FROM MEXICO (TRANSLATED BY ANTHONY PAGDEN)
from THE SECOND LETTER
BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS [1484-1566]
THE HISTORY OF THE INDIES (TRANSLATED BY GEORGE SANDERLIN)
[SLAUGHTERING INDIANS ON CUBA]
ARE NOT THE INDIANS MEN?
VERY BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE DESTRUCTION OF THE INDIES (TRANSLATED BY
GEORGE SANDERLIN)
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE INDIES
[IMAGE: BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS]
MICHEL EYQUEM DE MONTAIGNE [1533-1592]
ESSAYS (TRANSLATED BY DONALD M. FRAME)
from OF COACHES
SOR JUANA INÉS DE LA CRUZ [C. 1648-1695]
LOA FOR THE DIVINE NARCISSUS (TRANSLATED BY MARGARET PEDEN)
CHINA
[Map: The Ming Empire]
[Image: Dragon Teapot]
[Image: Mandarins]
[Time and Place: The Forbidden City]
WU CH'ENG-EN [1506-1580]
FROM Monkey (Translated by Arthur Waley)
[Image: Dreaming of Immortality in a Thatched Cottage]
INDIA
[Map: The Mughal Empire]
[Image: Mughal Lovers]
[Image: Vishnu]
[Time and Place: Shiva]
MIRABAI [16TH CENTURY]
Life without Hari is No Life, Friend (Translated by John Stratton Hawley
Today Your Hari is Coming (Translated by John Stratton Hawley and Mark Juergensmeyer)
The Bhil Woman Tasted Them, Plum after Plum (Translated by John Stratton Hawley and Mark Juergensmeyer)
I Have Talked to You, Talked (Translated by John Stratton Hawley and Mark Juergensmeyer)
I Donned Anklets and Danced (Translated by A. J. Alston)
Who Can Understand the Grief (Translated by A. J. Alston)
Shri Krishna Has Entered My Heart (Translated by A. J. Alston)
Do Not Mention the Name of Love (Translated by A. J. Alston)
[Image: Radha and Krishna on the Bed]
In the Tradition
Indian Devotional Poetry
[Image: Krishna]
[Image: Krishna as Cowherd]
TAMIL SONGS TO SHIVA [500-800 C. E.]
From the Tevaram (Translated by Indira Viswanathan Peterson)
CAMPANTAR
“ 'Oh God with Matted Hair!' She Cries”
Karma Cannot Touch
[Image: Temple Lovers]
APPAR
An Earring of Bright New Gold Glows on One Ear
See the God!
The Unholy Town Where No Temple Stands
Why Was I Born
CUNTARAR
Life Is an Illusion
I Will Think of the Day on Which
KANNADA SONGS TO SHIVA
BASAVANNA (Translated by K. V. Zvelebi)
You Can't Just Do
Melt My Mind, O Lord
Feet Will Dance
What of It That You Have Read So Much?
He'll Grind You Into Tiny Shape
Mother,/What News Shall I Tell
[Image: Kali on Shiva]
MAHADEVIYAKKA (Translated by A. K. Ramanujan)
Like a Silkworm Weaving
He Bartered My Heart
Husband Inside
I Love the Handsome One
SONGS TO KRISHNA: JAYADEVA [1100-1200]
GITAGOVINDA (Translated by Barbara Stoler Miller)
From: Careless Krishna
From: Bewildered Krishna
From: Ecstatic Krishna
[Image: Krishna and Radha]
BENGALI SONGS TO KRISHNA
VIDYAPATI [14TH CENTURY]
(Translated by Deben Bhattacharya)
There Was a Shudder in Her Whispering Voice
O Friend, I Cannot Tell You
Her Hair, Dishevelled
GOVINDA DADASA [15TH CENTURY] (Translated by Edward C. Dimock, Jr. and Denise Levertov)
When They Had Made Love
The Marks of Fingernails Are on Your Breast
Let the Earth of My Body Be Mixed with the Earth
CHANDIDASA [16TH CENTURY] (Translated by Edward C. Dimock, Jr. and Denise Levertov)
How Can I Describe His Relentless Flute
My Mind is Not on Housework
I Brought Honey and Drank IT Mixed with Milk
KABIR [1440-1518]
Go Naked If You Want (Translated by John Stratton Hawley and Mark Juergensmeyer)
Pundit, How Can You Be So Dumb? (Translated by John Stratton Hawley and Mark Juergensmeyer)
The River and Its Waves Are One Surf (Translated by Rabindranath Tagore and Evelyn Underhill)
I Do Not Know What manner of a God Is Mine (Translated by Rabindranath Tagore and Evelyn Underhill)
I Don't Know What Sort of a God We Have Been Talking About (Translated by Robert Bly)
I Laugh When I Hear that the Fish in the Water Is Thirsty (Translated by Robert Bly)