BOOK 4
Introduction:
Comparative Time Line
Europe: The Age of Enlightenment
Map: Europe in 1740
Image: A Concert at Montagu House
Time and Place: Eighteenth-Century Europe: Chinoiserie
Jean-Baptiste Poquelin Moliere (1622-1673)
Tartuffe
(Translated by Richard Wilbur)
Images: Jean-Baptiste Poquelin Molire
Scene from Molire's Tartuffe
Aphra Behn (1640-1689)
Oroonoko
Images: Aphra Behn
Frontispiece to Oroonoko, A Tragedy
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
Images: Portrait of Lemuel Gulliver; Plate V, Part III; Land of the Houyhnhnms, Gulliver's Travels
From Part III: A Voyage to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Glubbdubdrib, Luggnagg, and Japan
From Part IV: A Voyage to the Country of the Houyhnhnms
In The World: Travel Narratives
Image: View of Part of the City of Benares
Map: European Trade Patterns, c. 1740
Image: The King of Siam's Residence
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762)
From The Turkish Letters
Denis Diderot (17131784)
From Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville (Translated by Jean Stewart and Jonathan Kemp)
Mirza Abu Taleb Khan (1752-1806)
From Travels of Mirza Abu Taleb Khan (Translated by Charles Stewart)
Image: Portrait of Mirza Abu Taleb Khan and Frontispiece to Travels
Xie Qing Gao (Hsieh Ch'ing Kao) (1765-1822)
From The Hai-lu (Translated by Kenneth Ch'en)
Alexander Pope (1688-1744)
The Rape of the Lock
Image: The Rape of the Lock
An Essay on Man
Epistle 1
From Epistle 3
Francois-Marie Arouet De Voltaire (1694-1778)
Candide, or Optimism (Translated by Daniel Gordon)
Images: Portrait of Voltaire; The Love Letter
In The World: The Spirit of Inquiry
Image: Ascent of the Montgolfier Brothers' Hot-Air Balloon
Image: The Engine to Raise Water by Fire
Image: Jean-Pierre Blanchard's Flying Machine
Image: Benjamin Franklin Conducting His Lightning Experiments
Image: Farming in Four Seasons: Irrigation Pump for Lifting Water
Ren Descartes (1596-1650)
Discourse on Method (Translated by Elizabeth S. Haldane and G. R. T. Ross)
From Part 2
From Part 4
Image: Descartes' Universe
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Translated by Andrew Motte, with revisions by Florian Cajori)
From Preface to the First Edition
Image: Newton
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)
From Supplement to Theodicy (Translated by George M. Duncan, with revisions by Philip P. Wiener)
Baien Miura (1723-1789)
From Reply to Taga Bokkei (Translated by Rosemary Mercer)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
Confessions (Translator anonymous)
Image: Portrait of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Book 1
Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797)
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
Images: Portrait of Olaudah Equiano; Slave Ship
Map: The Voyages of Olaudah Equiano
From Chapter 1: Equiano's Igbo Roots
From Chapter 2: Captivity and Slavery; the Slave Ship
From Chapter 3: Sold to Captain Pascal; a New Name
From Chapter 4: Baptism and the Desire for Freedom
From Chapter 5: Sold to Robert King; the Horrors of the West Indies
From Chapter 7: Freedom
From Chapter 9: London; Sea Adventures
From Chapter 10: Conversion to Christianity
From Chapter 12: Public Service and Abolition
America: The Colonial Period
Map: British North America, c. 1763
Image: "The Bostonians in Distress"
Time and Place: Eighteenth-Century America: King Philip's War
Mary Rowlandson (C. 1635C. 1711)
Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson
Images: Mary Rowlandson and Indians; Frontispiece from Narrative
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
Autobiography
Images: Portrait of Benjamin Franklin; Cover of Poor Richard's Almanack
From Part One, Early Training
From Part Two, Moral Improvement
From Part Three, Social Projects
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
Declaration of Independence
Images: Portrait of Thomas Jefferson; Engraving of the Declaration of Independence
In The World: Declarations of Rights and Independence
Image: Women Marching to Versailles in 1789
Image: The Illustrious Patriots of 1776 and Authors of the Declaration of Independence
Iroquois Nation (C. 15th-18th Century)
From The Great Binding Law, Gayanashagowa
Marie le Jars de Gournay (1565-1645)
From On the Equality of Men and Women (Translated by Patricia Clark Smith)
John Locke (1632-1704)
From The Second Treatise on Government
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (17121778)
From The Social Contract (Translated by G. D. H. Cole)
Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793)
From Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (Translated by Darlene Gay Levy)
Marquis de Lafayette and the French National Assembly (1789)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (Translated by Paul H. Beik)
Image: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
India: The Mughal Empire
Map: Mughal India, 1707
Image: Lady Elijah Impey, Wife of the Chief Justice of Bengal
Image: Indian Procession
Time and Place: Eighteenth-Century India: Kali
Ramprasad Sen (1718-1775)
It's This Hope in Hope
How Many Times, Mother?
The Dark Mother Is Flying a Kite
Kali, Why Are You Naked Again?
Now Cry Kali and Take the Plunge!
Why Should I Go to Kashi?
What's More to Fear around This Place? (Translated by Leonard Nathan and Clinton Seely)
Image: The Holy Family: Shiva, Parvati, and Their Children on Mount Kailasa
Japan: The Tokugawa Era
Map: Population Density in Late Tokugawa Japan
Image: Middle Street of the Yoshiwara
Time and Place: Eighteenth-Century Japan: Genroku Period
Ihara Saikaka (1642-1693)
What the Seasons Brought to the Almanac Maker (Translated by William Theodore de Bary)
Matsuo Basho (1644-1694)
The Narrow Road through the Backcountry (Translated by Richard Bodner)
Image: Basho
Map: Basho's Journeys, (1684-1689)
Chikamatsu Monzaemon (1653-1724)
The Love Suicides at Amijima (Translated by Donald Keene)
Image: Activities of Twelve Months of the Year
In The World: Love, Marriage, and the Education of Women
Image: The Toilet of the Princess
Image: Marriage la Mode
Image: A Party Arranging Flowers
Kaibara Ekken (1630-1714)
From Greater Learning for Women (Translated by Basil Hall Chamberlain)
Image: Woman Reading
Mary Astell (1666-1731)
From A Serious Proposal to the Ladies
From Some Reflections upon Marriage
Image: Pamela Tells a Nursery Tale
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
mile (Translated by Barbara Foxley)
From Book V
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
Introduction to the First Edition
Image: Mary Wollstonecraft
From Chapter 2: The Prevailing Opinion of a Sexual Character Discussed
From Chapter 4: Observations on the State of Degradation to Which Woman Is Reduced by Various Causes
From Chapter 5: Animadversions on Some of the Writers Who Have Rendered Women Objects of Pity, Bordering on Contempt
From Chapter 13: Some Instances of the Folly Which the Ignorance of Women Generates; with Concluding Reflections on the Moral Improvement That a Revolution in Female Manners Might Naturally Be Expected to Produce
Shen Fu (1763-?)
Six Records of a Floating Life (Translated by Leonard Pratt and Chiang Su-hui)
From Part 1: The Joys of the Wedding Chamber
China: The Early Qing Dynasty
Map: Qing China, c. 1760
Image: Lady with Attendants in a Garden
Image: Scholar and Attendant
Time and Place: Eighteenth-Century China: The Civil Service Examinations
Pu Song-Ling (P'u Sung Ling) (1640-1715)
The Wise Neighbor (Translated by ChristopherLevenson)
The Mural (Translated by Denis C. Mair and Victor H. Mair)
Image: Page from Liao-zhai zhi-yi
Cao Xueqin (C. 1715-1763) and Gao E (C. 1740-1815)
The Story of the Stone (Translated by David Hawkes and John Minford)
From Chapter 1: The Origin of the Stone
From Chapter 3: Lin Dai-yu Arrives in the Jia Household
From Chapter 4: Xue Bao-chai Arrives in the Jia Household
From Chapter 5: Jia Bao-yu Visits the Land of Illusion and the Fairy Disenchantment Performs the "Dream of Golden Days"
From Chapter 6: Jia Bao-yu's First Experiment in the Art of Love
From Chapter 8: Jia Bao-yu and Xue Bao-chai Discover Corresponding Inscriptions
From Chapter 32: Jia Bao-yu and Lin Dai-yu Have an Awkward Encounter
From Chapter 89: Lin Dai-yu Vows to Waste Away after Hearing of Jia Bao-yu's Engagement
From Chapter 90: Dai-yu Hears Good News and Begins to Recover
From Chapter 96: Lin Dai-yu Learns That Jia Bao-yu Will Marry Xue Bao-chai
From Chapter 97: Lin Dai-yu Burns Her Poems to Signal the End of Her Heart's Folly And Xue Bao-chai Leaves Home to Take Part in a Solemn Rite
From Chapter 98: Crimson Pearl's Suffering Spirit Returns to the Realm of Separation And the Convalescent Stone-in-Waiting Weeps at the Scene of Past Affection
From Chapter 119: Jia Bao-yu Takes the Provincial Examinations and Then Renounces All Worldly Ties
From Chapter 120: Zhen Shi-yen Expounds the Nature of Passion and Illusion; and Jia Yu-cun Concludes the Dream of Golden Days
Glossary of Literary and Critical Terms
Index
BOOK 5
Introduction
Comparative Time Line
Europe: Industry and Nationalism
Map: European Industry and Railways 1870
Image: Paris, February 1848
Map: Centers of Revolutions, 1848
Time and Place: Lord Byron Swearing Oath on Tomb of Marcos Batzaris
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)
Images: Goethe in the Campagna; Faust and Mephistopheles in the Witches Cave
From Faust (Translated by Charles E. Passage)
Prologue in Heaven
The First Part of the Tragedy
From the Second Part of the Tragedy
In The World: Heroes and Heroines
Image: Napolean
Image: Samurai suit
Gerard de Nerval (Gerard Labrunie) (1808-1855)
From Observations on Goethe's Faust (Translated by Howard E. Hugo)
George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824)
From Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
From Canto III, (Napoleon)
Image: Traveler Gazing over the Mist
John Greenleaf Whittier (1807-1892)
From Toussaint L'Ouverture
Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896)
From Uncle Tom's Cabin
The Death of Tom
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
From The Gay Science (Translated by Walter Kaufmann)
Image: Zarathustra
283: Preparatory Men
From Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Translated by Walter Kaufmann)
First Part: 3, The Superman
George Eliot (Marian Evans) (1819-1880)
From Middlemarch
Prelude
Inazo Nitob (1862-1933)
From Bushido: The Soul of Japan
Image: Samurai portrait
William Blake (1757-1827)
How sweet I roam'd from field to field
To the Muses
From Songs of Innocence
Image: The Lamb
Introduction
The Lamb
The Little Black Boy.
The Chimney Sweeper
Holy Thursday
From Songs of Experience
Image: The Tyger
Introduction
Earth's Answer
Holy Thursday
The Chimney Sweeper
The Sick Rose
The Tyger
London
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
From Lyrical Ballads
Image: Portrait of William Wordsworth
Expostulation and Reply
The Tables Turned
"I wandered lonely as a Cloud"
Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey
Ode: Intimations of Immortality
Image: Tintern Abbey
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)
Kubla Khan
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Images: Portrait of Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Coleridge Putting Listeners to Sleep
John Keats (1795-1821)
On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad
Ode to a Nightingale
Ode on a Grecian Urn
Ode to Autumn
Image: Portrait of John Keats
E. T. A. Hoffmann (1776-1822)
The Mines of Falun (Translated by E. F. Bleiler)
Heinrich Heine (1797-1856)
A Spruce Is Standing Lonely (Translated by P.G.L. Webb)
The Grenadiers (Translated by Louis Untermeyer)
The Minnesingers (Translated by Louis Untermeyer)
The Lorelei (Translated by Felix Pollak)
The Silesian Weavers (Translated by Aaron Kramer)
The Asra (Translated by Ernst Feise)
The Slave Ship (Translated by Aaron Kramer)
The Migratory Rats (Translated by Ernst Feise)
Morphine (Translated by Ernst Feise)
Image: Portrait of Heinrich Heine
Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837)
The Bronze Horseman (Translated by D. M. Thomas)
Images: Portrait of Alexander Pushkin; The Bronze Horseman
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
The Origin of Species
Image: Charles Darwin, 1855
From Struggle for Existence
From Natural Selection: or the Survival of the Fittest
From Recapitulation and Conclusion
The Descent of Man
Image: The HMS Beagle
From General Summary and Conclusion
In The World: Science and Creation
Image: The Lion of the Season
Image: Am I a Man and a Brother?
Image: Darwin Ridiculed
Samuel Wilberforce (1805-1873)
From Review of Origin of Species, 1860
Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809-1892)
From In Memoriam
Image: Armillary Sphere, Heliocentric, c. 1810
Mary Shelley (1797-1851)
From Frankenstein
Image: Illustration from Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley
Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
Sonnet--To Science
Image: The Electric Exhibition at the Crystal Palace
Emile Zola (1840-1902)
Therese Raquin
From Preface to the Second Edition (Translated by Leonard Tancock)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902)
From The Women's Bible
Image: Portrait of The Reformer Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Hirata Atsutane (1776-1843)
The Creator God
Image: Visit to Shinto Temple
Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898)
The Qur'an and Science
Image: Qur'an (Koran) Page
Hu Shih (1891-1962)
From Hu Shi wencun, Collection II, Chapter 1
Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867)
To the Reader (Translated by Stanley Kunitz)
The Albatross (Translated by Richard Wilbur)
Correspondences (Translated by Richard Wilbur)
Hymn to Beauty (Translated by Dorothy Martin)
Her Hair (Translated by Doreen Bell)
Carrion (Translated by Richard Howard)
Spleen: Old Pluvius, month of rains, in peevish mood (Translated by Kenneth O. Hansen)
Spleen: When the low heavy sky weighs like a lid (Translated by Sir John Squire)
The Swan (Translated by Kate Flores)
The Voyage (Translated by Barbara Gibbs)
From Paris Spleen (Translated by Louise Varse)
Image:Charles Baudelaire
Image:Boulevard des Capuchines and the Theatre du Vaudeville in 1889
To Every Man His Chimera
Crowds
Windows
Anywhere Out of the World
Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880)
A Simple Heart (Translated by Arthur McDowall)
Image: Gustave Flaubert Dissecting Madame Bovary
Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881)
Notes from Underground (Translated by Ralph E. Matlaw)
The Brothers Karamazov (Translated by Constance Garnett)
Image: Portrait of Fydor Dostoevsky
The Grand Inquisitor
Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906)
Hedda Gabler (Translated by Nicholas Rudall)
Image: Portrait of Henrik Ibsen
Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910)
The Death of Ivan Ilych (Translated by David Magarshack)
Image: Count Leo Tolstoy, c. 1880 portrait
In the World: Society and Its Discontents
Image: Hetton Colliery
William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
The world is too much with us
Image: Les Bons Bourgeois
Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
From Our Mutual Friend
Image: Podsnappery
Podsnappery
From Bleak House
Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)
From The Sickness unto Death (Translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong)
Image: Woodcut of Soren Kierkegaard
Image: The Scream
The Universality of This Sickness (Despair)
Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)
Map: Centers of Revolution, 1848.
From Communist Manifesto
Images: Portrait of Karl Marx, April 1882, Algiers; Portrait of Friedrich Engels, photograph
I. Bourgeois and Proletarians
Nitob Inazo (1862-1933)
From Bushido: The Soul of Japan
Emilia Pardo Bazan (1852-1921)
The Revolver (Translated by Angel Flores)
The Oldest Story (Translated by Maria Cristina Urruela)
Anton Chekhov (1860-1904)
The Cherry Orchard (Translated by David Magarshack)
Image: Chekhov Reading
The Americas: From Independence to Emancipation
Map: The Status of American Slavery, 1861
Image: East River Bridge (Brooklyn Bridge), 1870
Time and Place: NineteenthCentury America's: The Haitian Revolution
Image: Toussaint declaring Constitution of Haiti
Harriet A. Jacobs (Linda Brent) (C. 1813-1897)
From Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
Image: Advertisement "For Capture"
African American Folk Songs
Go Down Moses
Deep River
Follow the Drinkin' Gourd
Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Chile
Hold On!
John Henry
Image: In de lan' o' cotton
Image: Slave quarters
In the World: Emancipation
Image: July 28th 1830, Liberty Leading the People
Image: The First Vote
Frederick Douglass (1818-1895)
Emancipation Proclaimed
Image: Portrait of Frederick Douglass, 1856
Mary Prince (c. 1788-?)
From The History of Mary Prince, A West Indian Slave Related by Herself
Image: "The Parting, Buy Us Too"
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) and Lucretia Mott (1793-1880)
Emancipation.
Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, Seneca Falls
Rassundari Devi (1810-?)
From Amar Jiban (My Life) (Translated by Tanika Sarkar)
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
From On Liberty
Image: "Franchaise for females"
Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)
From On Freedom
Image: Portrait of Swami
Muhammed Iqbal (1873-1938)
Freedom (Translated by V. G. Kiernan)
Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941)
Emancipation
Herman Melville (1819-1891)
Bartleby, the Scrivener
Image: Portrait of Herman Melville
Image: Moby Dick
Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
From Song of Myself
Image: Gabriel Harnson, Daguerrotype of Walt Whitman, c. 1853
Passage to India
Facing West from California's Shores
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
"I know that He exists"
"I never lost as much but twice"
"A narrow Fellow in the Grass"
"Split the Lark--and you'll find the Music--"
"In Winter in my Room"
"They shut me up in Prose--"
"Much Madness is divinest Sense--"
"I like a look of Agony"
"Wild Nights--Wild Nights!"
"My Life had stood--a Loaded Gun--"
"The Soul has Bandaged moments--"
"Success is counted sweetest"
Image: Portrait of Dickinson
Joaquin Maria Machado de Assis (1839-1908)
Adam and Eve (Translated by Jack Schmitt and Lorie Ishimatsu)
Image: Henri Rousseau, Eve
Kate Chopin (1851-1904)
The Story of an Hour
Desiree's Baby
Image: Edgar Degas, Interior of the New Orleans Bureau of Cotton Purchasers, 1873
Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935)
The Yellow Wallpaper
Image: Charlotte Perkins Gilman
India: Jewel in the Colonial Crown
Map: Expansion of the British Empire in India, 1805-58
Image: Calcutta
Time and Place: The Partition of Bengal, 1905
Ghalib (Mirza Asadullah Beg Khan) (1797-1869)
How murderous is the false faith of the rose! (Translated by Shamshur Rahman Faruqi and Frances W. Pritchett)
The happiness of the drop is to die in the river (Literal translation by Aijaz Ahmad)
Waterbed ecstasy: dying in a stream (Poetic translation by Thomas Fitzsimmons)
The drop dies in the river (Poetic translation by W. S. Merwin)
When the Sky Clears (Translated by Robert Bly with Sunil Dutta)
Why didn't I shrink in the blaze of that face? (Translated by Adrienne Rich)
Is it you, O God (Translated by Adrienne Rich)
It is a long time since my love stayed with me here (Translated by W. S. Merwin)
There are a thousand desires like this (Translated by W. S. Merwin)
Don't Skimp with Me Today (Translated by Robert Bly with Sunil Dutta)
A Lamp in a Strong Wind (Translated by Robert Bly with Sunil Dutta)
The Sword Wound (Translated by Robert Bly with Sunil Dutta)
Image: Ghalib
Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941)
"The Hungry Stones"
Broken Ties (Translated by Panna Lal Basu)
Image: Rabindranath Tagore, 1917
In the World: East and West
Image: W. Heine Commodore Perry's Visit to Shui Lew Chew, 1856
Image: Empress of India
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)
The Ballad of East and West
Image: John Nash, The East Front,
From Views of the Royal, Brighton, 1826
Image: Iranistan, an Oriental Ville
Rai Sanyo (1780-1832)
Sadahide Utagawa,
American Enjoying a Sunday in Yokohama, 1861
Dutch ships
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)
From Divan of West and East
Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
Chanting the Square Deific
Ren Gunon (1886-1951)
From East and West (Translated by Martin Lings)
Image: Kamekichi Tsunajima, Fashionable Melange of English Words, 1887
Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941)
From The Message of India to Japan
Image: The Revolt of the Cipayes is Defeated by the English
E. M. Forster (1879-1970)
From A Passage to India
Image: Colonial Life
Japan: From Isolation to Nationalism
Map: Japanese Acquisitions, 18701932
Image: Scene from the SinoJapanese War in Korea
Time and Place: Perry and the Opening of Japan
Takizawa Bakin (1767-1848)
Hakkenden (Translated by Donald Keene)
From Shino and Hamaji
MORI OGAI (1862-1922)
The Dancing Girl (Translated by Richard Bowring)
HIGUCHI ICHIYO (1872-1896)
The Thirteenth Night (Translated by Robert Lyons Danly)
Glossary of Literary and Critical Terms
Index
BOOK 6
Introduction
Comparative Time Line
Joseph Conrad (B. Poland, 1857-1924)
Heart of Darkness
Image: Portrait of Conrad
Time and Place: Twentieth-Century America: Apocalypse Now;
Map: Congo Free State, 1890
In the World: Colonialism: Europe and Africa
Image: L'Africa il Continente di Domani
Map: The Colonization of Africa, 1880-1939
Map: The Decolonization of Africa, 1951-2000
Rudyard Kipling (B. India,1865-1936)
The White Man's Burden
Image: The Rhodes Colossus
Chinua Achebe (B. Nigeria, 1930)
An Image of Africa
Goerge Washington Williams (B. United States, 1849-1891)
From An Open Letter to His Serene Majesty Leopold II
Image: French and German Administrators Agreeing on New Franco-German Boundary Lines in Lobaye Marshes, Congo
Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) (B. United States, 1835-1910)
From King Leopold's Soliloquy
Image: Two Youths from the Congo
Frantz Fanon (B. Martinique, 1925-1961)
From The Wretched of the Earth (Translated by Constance Farrington)
Decolonization
Aim Csaire (B. Martinique, 1913)
A Tempest (Translated by Richard Miller)
Image: Native Soldiers Surrendering to French Commander Nogues after Three Months of Rebellion, Ivory Coast
From Act III, Scene 5
Chinweizu (B. Nigeria, 1943)
Decolonising the African Mind
Image: Young Black Woman in European Dress
From Calibans v. Ariels
Felix Mnthali (B. Malawi, 1933)
The Stranglehold of English Lit.
Ngugi Wa Thiong'O (B. Kenya, 1938)
From Creating Space for a Hundred Flowers to Bloom
Black Elk (B. United States, 1863-1950)
The Gift of the Sacred Pipe (Recorded and edited by Joseph Epes Brown)
The Conclusion of Black Elk's Vision (Recorded and edited by John Neihardt)
From The Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee (1889-91)
Black Elk at Harney Peak
Images: Black Elk and Elk in London; Black Elk in Manderson, South Dakota
William Butler Yeats (B. Ireland, 1865-1939)
The Lake Isle of Innisfree
Who Goes with Fergus?
Easter 1916
The Second Coming
Sailing to Byzantium
Leda and the Swan
Among School Children
The Circus Animals' Desertion
Images: William Butler Yeats; The Abbey Theatre, Dublin
Time and Place: Twentieth-Century Ireland: Irish Independence
Luigi Pirandello (B. Italy, 1867-1936)
Six Characters in Search of an Author (Translated by Eric Bentley)
Image: Portrait of Luigi Pirandello
Rainer Maria Rilke (B. Prague, 1875-1926)
Autumn Day (Translated by C. F. MacIntyre)
The Panther (Translated by Stephen Mitchell)
Archaic Torso of Apollo (Translated by Stephen Mitchell)
Leda (Translated by C. F. MacIntyre)
The Buddha in the Glory (Translated by C. F. MacIntyre)
Duino Elegies (Translated by Stephen Mitchell)
The First Elegy
Sonnets to Orpheus (Translated by Stephen Mitchell)
Thomas Mann (B. Germany, 1875-1955)
Death in Venice (Translated by David Luke)
Image: Portrait of Thomas Mann
Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain (B. India, 1880-1932)
Sultana's Dream
Lu Xun (B. China, 1881-1936)
The True Story of Ah Q (Translated by Xianyi Yang and Gladys Yang)
Image: Portrait of Lu Xun
James Joyce (B. Ireland, 1882-1941)
The Dead
Images: Portrait of James Joyce; Liffey Tram, Dublin
Virginia Woolf (b. England, 1882-1941)
A Room of One's Own
Chapter 3 (Shakespeare's Sister)
Three Pictures
The Fascination of the Pool
Image: Virginia Woolf
Franz Kafka (b. Prague, 1883-1924)
The Metamorphosis (Translated by Willa and Edwin Muir
Image: Franz Kafka
Time and Place: Twentieth-Century Europe: Sigmund Freud
Tanizaki Junichiro (B. Japan, 1886-1965)
Aguri (Translated by Howard Hibbert)
t. s. eliot (b. United States, 1888-1965)
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
The Waste Land
Image: T. S. Eliot
In the Tradition: The Literature of War, Conflict, and Resistance
Image: Free Drawing
Map: Europe in 1914
Image: Scene during the Siege of Teruel, Spain
Image: British Soldiers with Gas Masks
Image: Portrait of an Unknown Prisoner
Image: Holocaust Survivorsat Buchenwald
Image: American Troops Wading across River, Ben Khe, South Vietnam
Image: Israeli Soldiers by the Dome of the Rock
Georg Trakl (B. Austria, 1887-1914)
Eastern Front (Translated by Christopher Middleton)
Grodek (Translated by Michael Hamburger)
Wilfred Owen (B. England, 1893-1918)
Dulce et Decorum Est
Anthem for Doomed Youth
Strange Meeting
Isaac Rosenberg (B. England, 1890-1918)
Returning, We Hear the Larks
Dead Man's Dump
Erich Maria Remarque (B. Germany, 1898-1970)
From All Quiet on the Western Front (Translated by Arthur Wheen)
Bertolt Brecht (B. Germany, 1898-1956)
When Evil-Doing Comes like Falling Rain (Translated by John Willett)
Nellie Sachs (B. Germany, 1891-1970)
O the Chimneys (Translated by Michael Roloff)
Paul Celan (B. Romania, 1920-1970)
Death Fugue (Translated by John Felstiner)
Tamura Ryuichi (B. Japan, 1923-1998)
October Poem
A Vertical Coffin (Translated by Samuel Grolmes and Tsumura Yumiko)
Wislawa Szymborska (B. Poland, 1923)
The Terrorist, He Watches (Translated by Robert A. Maguire and Magnus Jan Krynski)
Andrei Voznesensky (B. Russia, 1933)
I Am Goya (Translated by Stanley Kunitz)
Tim O'Brien (B. United States, 1946)
The Man I Killed
Fadwa Tuqan (B. Palestine, 1917)
Enough for Me (Translated by Olive Kenny)
Song of Becoming (Translated by Naomi Shihab Nye)
Yehuda Amichai (B. Germany, 1924-2000)
Sort of an Apocalypse (Translated by Chana Bloch and Stephen Mitchell)
God Has Pity on Kindergarten Children (Translated by Assia Gutmann)
Mahmoud Darwish (B. Palestine, 1941)
Identity Card
Victim Number 18 (Translated by Denys Johnson-Davies)
Bei Dao (B. China, 1949)
The Answer
Declaration
An End or a Beginning (Translated by Bonnie S. McDougall)
Anna Akhmatova (B. Russia, 1889-1966)
Voronezh
To the Memory of M. B.
Requiem (Translated by Judith Hemschemeyer)
Image: Portrait of Anna Akhmatova
Federico Garcia Lorca (B. Spain, 1898-1936)
The Faithless Wife
Ode to Walt Whitman
Lament for Ignacio Sanchez Mejas (Translated by Stephen Spender and J. L. Gili)
Tawfiq Al-Hakim (b. Egypt, 1898-1987)
The Fate of a Cockroach (Translated by Denys Johnson-Davies)
Jorge Luis Borges (B. Argentina, 1899-1986)
The Garden of Forking Paths (Translated by Donald A. Yates)
Image: Jorge Luis Borges
Kawabata Yasunari (B. Japan, 1899-1972)
The Moon on the Water (Translated by George Sait?)
Snow (Translated by Lane Dunlop and J. Martin Holman)
Image: Kawabata Yasunari
Pablo Neruda (B. Chile, 1904-1973)
Ode with a Lament (Translated by H. R. Hays)
Sexual Water (Translated by H. R. Hays)
Alberto Rojas Jimenez Comes Flying (Translated by H. R. Hays)
Ode of the Sun to the People's Army (Translated by H. R. Hays)
Hymn and Return (Translated by Robert Bly)
The United Fruit Co. (Translated by Robert Bly)
The Heights of Macchu Picchu (Translated by Jack Schmitt)
Ode to Salt (Translated by Robert Bly)
Poet's Obligation (Translated by Alastair Reid)
Jean-Paul Sartre (B. France, 1905-1980)
The Flies (Translated by Stuart Gilbert)
Image: Jean-Paul Sartre with Simone de Beauvoir
In the World: Existentialism
Image: Diego
Image: Parois d'Oreines
Jean-Paul Sartre (B. France, 1905-1980)
From Existentialism Is a Humanism (Translated by Walter Kaufmann)
Albert Camus (B. Algeria, 1913-1960)
The Myth of Sisyphus (Translated by Justin O'Brien)
Image: Je Vous coute
Frantz Fanon (B. Martinique, 1925-1961)
Black Skin, White Masks (Translated by Charles Lam Markmann)
From By Way of Conclusion
Oe Kenzaburo (B. Japan, 1935)
Hiroshima Notes (Translated by David L. Swain and Toshi Yonezawa)
Image: Oe Kenzaburo
From The Moralists of Hiroshima
Samuel Beckett (B. Ireland, 1906-1989)
Krapp's Last Tape
Image: Samuel Beckett
R. K. Narayan (B. India, 1906-2001)
A Horse and Two Goats
Image: R. K. Narayan
Time and Place: Twentieth-Century India: Caste and Gender in an Indian Village
Naguib Mahfouz (B. Egypt, 1911)
Zaabalawi (Translated by Denys Johnson-Davies)
Images: Naguib Mahfouz ; Cairo; map: The Middle East
Albert Camus (B. Algeria, 1913-1960)
The Guest (Translated by Justin O'Brien)
Image: Albert Camus
James Baldwin (B. United States, 1924-1987)
Sonny's Blues
Image: James Baldwin
In the World: Imagining Africa
Image: Into Bondage
W. E. B. Du Bois (B. United States, 1868-1963)
The Souls of Black Folk
Image: W. E. B. Du Bois
From Chapter 1: Of Our Spiritual Strivings
Chapter 14: The Sorrow Songs
James Weldon Johnson (B. United States, 1871-1938)
O Black and Unknown Bards
Claude McKay (B. Jamaica, 1889-1948)
To the White Fiends
Harlem Shadows
Outcast
Image: Claude McKay
Langston Hughes (B. United States, 1902-1967)
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
The Weary Blues
Jazzonia
Image: Jitterbugs
Countee Cullen (B. United States, 1903-1946)
Heritage
Yet Do I Marvel
Lopold Sdar Senghor (B. Senegal, 1906-2001)
Ngritude (Translated by John Reed and Clive Wake)
Black Woman
Prayer to the Masks (Translated by Melvin Dixon)
Aim Csaire (B. Martinique, 1913)
From Notebook of a Return to the Native Land (Translated by Clayton Eshleman and Annette Smith)
Okot P'Bitek (B. Uganda, 1931-1982)
From Song of Lawino My Husband's Tongue Is Bitter
From Song of Ocol
What Is Africa to Me?
James Baldwin (b. United States, 1924-1987)
From Nobody Knows My Name
Image: Children in the Silent Protest Parade
Is There a Single Black Culture?
Gwendolyn Brooks (B. United States, 1917-2000)
To the Diaspora
Toni Morrison (B. United States, 1931)
From Song of Solomon
Flying to Africa
Chinweizu (B. Nigeria, 1943), Onwuchekwa Jemie, and Ihechukwu Madubuike
The African Writer and the African Past
Nadine Gordimer (B. South Africa, 1923)
As Others See Us
Ab Kobo (B. Japan, 1924-1993)
The Red Cocoon
The Stick (Translated by Lane Dunlop)
Gabriel Garcia Marquez (B. Colombia, 1928)
A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings (Translated by Gregory Rabassa)
Image: Gabriel Garca Mrquez
Carlos Fuentes (B. Panama, 1928)
The Prisoner of Las Lomas (Translated by Thomas Christensen)
Image: Carlos Fuentes
Time and Place: Twentieth-Century Mexico: The Mexican Revolution
Takenishi Hiroko (B. Japan, 1929)
The Rite (Translated by Eileen Kato)
Map: Nuclear Bombs Dropped on Japan, August 1945
Time and Place: Twentieth-Century Japan: Hiroshima
Adrienne Rich (B. United States, 1929)
Aunt Jennifer's Tigers
I Dream I'm the Death of Orpheus
Diving into the Wreck
Twenty-One Love Poems
I: Wherever in this city, screens flicker
III: Since we're not young, weeks have to do
IV: I come home from you through the early light of spring
VI: Your small hands, precisely equal to my own
Image: Adrienne Rich
Milan Kundera (B. Czechoslovakia, 1929)
The Hitchhiking Game (Translated by Suzanne Rappaport)
Chinua Achebe (B. Nigeria, 1930)
Things Fall Apart
Image: Chinua Achebe
Derek Walcott (B. St. Lucia, 1930)
A Latin Primer
White Magic
The Light of the World
For Pablo Neruda
Image: Derek Walcott
Alifa Rifaat (b. Egypt, 1930)
My World of the Unknown (Translated by Denys Johnson-Davies)
Wole Soyinka (B. Nigeria, 1934)
The Lion and the Jewel
Image: Wole Soyinka
Anita Desai (B. India, 1937)
The Farewell Party
Bessie Head (B. South Africa, 1937-1986)
The Deep River: A Story of Ancient Tribal Migration
Snapshots of a Wedding
Gao Xingjian (b. China, 1940)
Dialogue and Rebuttal (Translated by Gilbert C. F. Fong)
Image: Gao Xingjian
Salman Rushdie (B. India, 1947)
The Courter
Images: Salman Rushdie;
"We Are Ready to Kill Rushdy,"
Map: The Partition of India
In the World: Crossing Cultures: The Example of India
Image: Sikh Taxi Drivers, New York
Mohandas K. Gandhi (B. India, 1869-1948)
Autobiography; On the Way to Pretoria
Image: Gandhi in London
Martin Luther King JR. (B. United States, 1929-1968)
From My Trip to the Land of Gandhi
Image: Equal Rights Now
Octavio Paz (b. Mexico, 1914-1998)
Three Visits to India (Translated by Eliot Weinberger)
Image: Octavio Paz
Raja Rao (B. India, 1909)
Foreword to Kanthapura
R. K. Narayan (B. India, 1906-2001)
A Passage to America
Salman Rushdie (B. India, 1947)
From Imaginary Homelands
V. S. Naipaul (B. Trinidad, 1932)
Our Universal Civilization
Image: V. S. Naipaul
Bharati Mukherjee (B. India, 1940)
A Wife's Story
Leslie Marmon Silko (B. United States, 1948)
Lullaby
Image: Laguna Reservation
In the Tradition: American Borderlands: Voices from the United States's Many Cultures
Image: We Gave Two Horses for Our Son
Image: Puerto Rican Flag
Image: Flea Market, New York City
Martin Espada (B. United States, 1957)
Bully
From an Island You Cannot Name
Revolutionary Spanish Lesson
Sherman Alexie (B. United States, 1966)
Class
Image: Still from Smoke Signals
Joy Harjo (B. United States, 1951)
Remember
New Orleans
She Had Some Horses
I Give You Back
Sandra Cisneros (B. United States, 1954)
Never Marry a Mexican
Jimmy Santiago Baca (B. United States, 1952)
What We Don't Tell the Children
Family Ties
Work We Hate and Dreams We Love
Meditations on the South Valley
Image: Where Tears Can't Stop
Naomi Shihab Nye (B. United States, 1952)
Blood
My Father and the Figtree
Arabic
Gish Jen (B. United States, 1956)
Who's Irish?
Image: Grandmother Carries Baby to Market Chinese-Style
Edwidge Danticat (B. Haiti, 1969)
Children of the Sea
Glossary of Literary and Critical Terms
Index