Note: All chapters close with Connections and a Chapter Review section
1. The Earliest Human Societies, to 2500 b.c.e.
Evolution and Migration
Understanding the Early Human Past
Hominid Evolution
Homo Sapiens, "Thinking Humans"
Migration and Differentiation
Paleolithic Society, 250,000-9000 b.c.e.
Foraging for Food
Family and Kinship Relationships
Cultural Creations and Spirituality
The Development of Agriculture in the Neolithic Era, ca. 9000 b.c.e.
The Development of Horticulture
Animal Domestication and the Rise of Pastoralism
Plow Agriculture
Neolithic Society
Social Hierarchies and Slavery
Gender Hierarchies and Inheritance
Trade and Cross-Cultural Connections
Viewpoints Stone Age Houses in Chile and China
Listening to the Past Paleolithic Venus Figures
Individuals in Society The Iceman
2. The Rise of the State in Southwest Asia and the Nile Valley, 3200-500 b.c.e.
Writing, Cities, and States
Written Sources and the Human Past
Cites and the Idea of Civilization
The Rise of States, Laws, and Social Hierarchies
Mesopotamia from Sumeria to Babylon
Environmental Challenges, Irrigation, and Religion
Sumerian Politics and Society
The Invention of Writing and Other Intellectual Advances
The Triumph of Babylon and the Spread of Mesopotamian Civilization
Hammurabi's Code and Its Social Consequences
The Egyptians and Their Pharaohs
The Nile and the God-King
Social Divisions and Work in Ancient Egypt
Migrations and Political Revivals
New Political and Economic Powers
The Hebrews
The Hebrew State
The Jewish Religion
The Family and Jewish Life
The Assyrians and Persians
Assyria, the Military Monarchy
The Rise and Expansion of the Persian Empire
The Religion of Zoroaster
Listening to the Past Gilgamesh's Quest for Immortality
Individuals in Society Hatshepsut and Nefertiti
Global Trade Iron
Viewpoints Rulers and Divine Favor: Cyrus the Great in the Cyrus Cylinder and Hebrew Scripture
3. The Foundation of Indian Society, to 300 c.e.
The Land and Its First Settlers, ca. 3000-1500 b.c.e.
The Aryans During the Vedic Age, ca. 1500-500 b.c.e.
Aryan Dominance in North India
Life in Early India
Brahmanism
India's Great Religions
Jainism
Siddhartha Gautama and Buddhism
Hinduism
Western Contact and the Mauryan Unification of North India, ca. 513-185 b.c.e.
Encounters with the West
Chandragupta and the Founding of the Mauryan Empire
The Reign of Ashoka, ca. 269-232 b.c.e.
Small States and Trading Networks, 185 b.c.e.-300 c.e.
Listening to the Past Conversations Between Rama and Sita from the Ramayana
Individuals in Society Gosala
Viewpoints On Enemies from The Laws of Manu and The Arthashastra
4. China's Classical Age, to 221 b.c.e.
The Emergence of Civilization in China
The Impact of Geography
Early Agricultural Societies of the Neolithic Age
The Shang Dynasty, ca. 1500-1050 b.c.e.
Shang Society
Bronze Metalworking
The Development of Writing
The Early Zhou Dynasty, ca. 1050-400 b.c.e.
Zhou Politics
Life During the Zhou Dynasty
The Warring States Period, 400-221 b.c.e.
New Technologies for War
The Victorious States
Confucius and His Followers
Confucius
The Spread of Confucian Ideas
Daoism, Legalism, and Other Schools of Thought
Daoism
Legalism
Yin and Yang
Individuals in Society Lord Mengchang
Listening to the Past The Book of Mencius
Viewpoints Mozi and Xunzi on Divine Response
5. The Greek Experience, 3500-100 b.c.e.
Hellas: The Land and the Polis, ca. 3500-ca. 800 b.c.e.
The Minoans and Mycenaeans
The Development of the Polis
Population and Politics in the Archaic Age, ca. 800-500 b.c.e.
Greece's Overseas Expansion
The Growth of Sparta
The Evolution of Athens
Thought and Culture in the Classical Period, 500-338 b.c.e.
The Deadly Conflicts, 499-404 b.c.e.
Athenian Arts in the Age of Pericles
Daily Life and Social Conditions in Athens
Greek Religion in the Classical Period
The Flowering of Philosophy
Hellenistic Society, 336-100 b.c.e.
From Polis to Monarchy, 404-200 b.c.e.
Building a Shared Society
The Growth of Trade and Commerce
Hellenistic Religion, Philosophy, and Science
Religion in the Hellenistic World
Philosophy and Its Guidance for Life
Hellenistic Science and Medicine
Viewpoints Two Opinions About Athenian Democracy
Listening to the Past Aristotle, On the Family and On Slavery, from The Politics
Individuals in Society Archimedes, Scientist and Inventor
6. The World of Rome, 750 b.c.e.-400 c.e.
The Romans in Italy
The Etruscans and Rome
The Roman Conquest of Italy
The Distribution of Power in the Roman Republic
Social Conflict in Rome
Roman Expansion and Its Repercussions
Overseas Conquests and the Punic Wars, 264-133 b.c.e.
New Influences and Old Values in Roman Culture
The Late Republic and the Rise of Augustus, 133-27 b.c.e.
The Successes of Augustus
The Pax Romana
Political and Military Changes in the Empire
Life in Rome
Prosperity in the Roman Provinces
Eastward Expansion and Contacts Between Rome and China
The Coming of Christianity
Factors Behind the Rise of Christianity
The Life and Teachings of Jesus
The Spread of Christianity
The Growing Acceptance and Evolution of Christianity
Turmoil and Reform
Diocletian's Reforms
Economic Hardship and Its Consequences
Constantine, Christianity, and the Rise of Constantinople
Viewpoints On Roman Wives from a Tombstone Inscription and JuvenalÕs Sixth Satire
Individuals in Society Queen Cleopatra
Listening to the Past Cicero and the Plot to Kill Caesar
Global Trade Pottery
7. East Asia and the Spread of Buddhism, 221 b.c.e.-800 c.e.
The Age of Empire in China: The Qin and Han Dynasties
The Qin Unification, 221-206 b.c.e.
The Han Dynasty, 206 b.c.e.-220 c.e.
Han Intellectual and Cultural Life
Inner Asia and the Silk Road
Life in Han China
China and Rome
The Fall of the Han and the Age of Division
The Spread of Buddhism Out of India
Buddhism's Path Through Central Asia
The Appeal and Impact of Buddhism in China
The Chinese Empire Re-created: Sui (581-618) and Tang (618-907)
The Sui Dynasty, 581-618
The Tang Dynasty, 618-907
Tang Culture
The East Asian Cultural Sphere
Vietnam
Korea
Japan
Global Trade Silk
Individuals in Society The Ban Family
Listening to the Past Sixth-Century Biographies of Buddhist Nuns
Viewpoints Chinese and Japanese Principles of Good Government, ca. 650
8. Continuity and Change in Europe and Western Asia, 200-850
The Byzantine Empire
Sources of Byzantine Strength
The Sassanid Empire and Conflicts with Byzantium
The Law Code of Justinian
Byzantine Intellectual Life
Life in Constantinople
The Growth of the Christian Church
The Evolution of Church Leadership and Orthodoxy
The Western Church and the Eastern Church
The Iconoclastic Controversy
Christian Monasticism
Christian Ideas and Practices
Christian Beliefs and the Greco-Roman Tradition
Saint Augustine
Missionary Activity
Conversion and Assimilation
Migrating Peoples
Social and Economic Structures
Chiefs, Warriors, and Laws
Migrations and Political Change
The Frankish Kingdom
Charlemagne
Individuals in Society Theodora of Constantinople
Viewpoints Roman and Byzantine Views of Barbarians
Listening to the Past Gregory of Tours, The Conversion of Clovis
9. The Islamic World, 600-1400
The Origins of Islam
Arabian Social and Economic Structure
Muhammad's Rise As a Religious Leader
The Tenets of Islam
Islamic States and Their Expansion
Islam's Spread Beyond Arabia
Reasons for the Spread of Islam
The Caliphate and the Split Between Shi'a and Sunni Alliances
The Abbasid Caliphate
Administration of the Islamic Territories
Fragmentation and Military Challenges, 900-1400
Breakaway Territories and Shi'a Gains
The Ascendancy of the Turks
The Mongol Invasions
Muslim Society: The Life of the People
The Social Hierarchy
Slavery
Women in Classical Islamic Society
Trade and Commerce
Cultural Developments
The Cultural Centers of Baghdad and Cordoba
Education and Intellectual Life
The Mystical Tradition of Sufism
Muslim-Christian Encounters
Viewpoints Jews in Muslim Lands
Listening to the Past Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali, The Etiquette of Marriage
Individuals in Society Ibn Battuta
10. African Societies and Kingdoms, 1000 b.c.e.-1500 c.e.
The Land and Peoples of Africa
Africa's Geographical and Human Diversity
Egypt, Race, and Being African
Early African Societies
Settled Agriculture and Its Impact
Bantu Migrations
Life in the Kingdoms of the Western Sudan, ca. 1000 b.c.e.-800 c.e.
The Trans-Saharan Trade
The Berbers of North Africa
Effects of Trade on West African Society
The Spread of Islam in Africa
African Kingdoms and Empires, ca. 800-1500
The Kingdom of Ghana, ca. 900-1100
The Kingdom of Mali, ca. 1200-1450
Ethiopia: The Christian Kingdom of Aksum
The East African City-States
Southern Africa and Great Zimbabwe
Individuals in Society Amda Siyon
Viewpoints Early Descriptions of Africa
Listening to the Past A Tenth-Century Muslim Traveler Describes Parts of the East African Coast
11. The Americas, 2500 b.c.e.-1500 c.e.
The First Peoples of the Americas
Describing the Americas and Their Peoples
Settling the Americas
The Development of Agriculture
Early Societies
Mounds, Towns, and Trade in North and South America
Olmec Agriculture, Technology, and Religion
Classical Era Mesoamerica and North America, 300-900 c.e.
Maya Agriculture and Trade
Maya Science and Religion
Growth and Assimilation of the Teotihuacan and Toltec Cultures
Hohokam, Hopewell, and Mississippian Societies
The Aztecs
Religion and War in Aztec Society
Social Distinctions Among the Aztecs
The City of Tenochtitlan
The Incas
Earlier Peruvian Cultures
Inca Imperialism and Its Religious Basis
The Clan-Based Structure of Inca Society
Viewpoints Creation in the Popul Vuh and in Okanogan Tradition
Individuals in Society TlacaŽlel
Listening to the Past Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, The First New Chronicle and Good Government
12. Cultural Exchange in Central and Southern Asia, to 1400
Central Asian Nomads
Nomadic Society
The Turks
The Mongols
Mongol Daily Life
Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Empire
The Chinggis Kahn
Chinggis's Successors
The Mongols as Rulers
East-West Communication During the Mongol Era
The Movement of Peoples
The Spread of Disease, Goods, and Ideas
India, Islam, and the Development of Regional Cultures, 300-1400
The Gupta Empire, ca. 320-480
India's Medieval Age and the First Encounter with Islam
The Delhi Sultanate
Life in Medieval India
Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the Growth of Maritime Trade
State Formation and Indian Influences
The Srivijaya Maritime Trade Empire
The Spread of Indian Culture in Comparative Perspective
The Settlement of the Pacific Islands
Listening to the Past The Abduction of Women in The Secret History of the Mongols
Viewpoints Chinese Accounts About the Mongol Army
Individuals in Society Bhaskara the Teacher
Global Trade Spices
13. States and Cultures in East Asia, 800-1400
The Medieval Chinese Economic Revolution, 800-1100
China During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, 960-1368
The Song Dynasty
The Scholar-Officials and Neo-Confucianism
Women's Lives in Song Times
China Under Mongol Rule
Korea Under the Koryo Dynasty, 935-1392
Japan's Heian Period, 794-1185
Fujiwara Rule
Aristocratic Culture
The Samurai and the Kamakura Shogunate, 1185-1333
Military Rule
Cultural Trends
Global Trade Tea
Individuals in Society Shen Gua
Viewpoints Zhu Xi and Yuan Cai on Family Management
Listening to the Past The Pillow Book of Sei Shonagon
14. Europe in the Middle Ages, 800-1450
Political Developments
Invasions and Migrations
Feudalism and Manorialism
The Restoration of Order
Law and Justice
The Christian Church
Papal Reforms
Monastic Life
Popular Religion
The Expansion of Christianity
The Crusades
Background and Motives
The Course of the Crusades
Consequences of the Crusades
The Life of the People
The Life and Work of Peasants
The Life and Work of Nobles
Towns, Cities, and the Growth of Commercial Interests
The Expansion of Trade and the Commercial Revolution
Learning and Culture
Universities and Scholasticism
Cathedrals and a New Architectural Style
Troubadour Poetry
Crises of the Later Middle Ages
The Great Famine and the Black Death
The Hundred Years' War
Challenges to the Church
Peasant and Urban Revolts
Individuals in Society Hildegard of Bingen
Listening to the Past An Arab View of the Crusades
Viewpoints Italian and English Views of the Plague